• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/44

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

44 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What system of measurement is used internationally?
International System of Measurement or metric system.
What system of measurement is used in the U.S.?
Imperial system or U.S. system.
What is the metric unit and equivalent for mass?
Metric: Gram (g)
Equivalent: pound
What is the metric unit and equivalent for length?
Metric: Meter (m)
Equivalent: feet
What is the metric unit and equivalent for volume?
Metric: Liter (L)
Equivalent: quart
What is the metric unit and equivalent for temperature?
Metric: Celsius (C)
Equivalent: Fahrenheit
What are the divisions of the metric units?
SUPERUNITS:
Mega- 1 million
Kilo- 1 thousand
Hecto- 1 hundred
Deka- ten

SUBUNITS:
Deci- 1/10
Centi- 1/100
Milli- 1/1000
Micro- 1/1,000,000
When was the final structure of DNA confirmed, and by whom?
In 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick, with crucial contributions by Rosalind Franklin, Maurice Wilkens, and others.
What contribution to genetic material research did Sutton make in 1903?
He showed that Mendel's "factors" (genes) are located physically on chromosomes.
What 4 elements, also found in proteins, can chromosomes be broken down into?
Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen.
In addition to the 4 elements found in chromosomes that are present in proteins, which element is found in them that is NOT present in proteins?
Phosphorus
Explain Frederick Griffith's experiments with mice and pneumonia.
In 1927, Griffith experimented with types of pneumonia-virulent (illness-causing) and non-virulent (non illness-causing). Using heat, he killed the virulent bacteria then mixed the dead bacteria with live, NON-VIRULENT bacteria. When injected into the mouse, the mouse died. He called the material that transferred the virulence from one bacterium to another the "transforming factor."
What is the "transforming factor?"
Discovered and named by Frederick Griffith in 1927, this is the material that transferred the virulence from dead, virulent bacteria to living, non-virulent bacteria.
What does each subunit ("building block") of DNA found to consist of in the 1940's?
A.) Phosphate-a simple molecule containing only phosphorus and oxygen
B.) A sugar-a somewhat larger molecule containing carbons bonded to hydrogens and oxygen
C.) Bases-one of four kinds of complex nitrogen-containing molecules
What forms the larger subunit molecule of DNA, aka a nucleotide?
Each sugar is always attached to one base and one phosphate forming the larger subunit molecule of DNA (a "nucleotide")
What is "nuclein?"
Friedrich Miescher's name in 1868 for the molecule present in chromosomes that contains the elements found in proteins as well as phosphorus. (This would eventually be known as DNA.)
What 4 points about nuclein did Oswald Avery note in the 1940's?
1. The quantity of nuclein was equal in all cells of an organism OTHER than the gametes, which had half the amount of DNA.
2. The amount of DNA in cells of individuals of closely-related species was similar.
3. DNA is a very stable molecule.
4. None of these points received observational support for the PROTEINS in the chromosomes.

This led Avery to conclude that DNA must be the genetic material! (Griffith's "transforming factor" must be DNA.)
In 1952, what did Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey demonstrate?
That the genetic material injected by viruses into bacteria contains phosphorus.
What did Erwin Chargaff observe in 1949?
The amount of DNA nucleotides consisting of the base adenine always equals the amount containing thymine. Also with guanine/cytosine.
What did Watson realize in 1953 about nucleotide pairs?
He realized that nucleotide pairs containing the bases G and C are identical in shape to pairs containing A and T.
What did Linus Pauling's suggested model of DNA look like?
Repeating sugar and phosphate subunits down the center with the bases sticking out from the sugar-phosphate core. (Watson and Crick's model showed the opposite.)
What did Watson and Crick's suggested model of DNA look like?
Repeating sugar and phosphates on the outside and the bases stuck inward toward the interior or the molecule. (Linus Pauling's model showed the opposite.)
How did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens discover that DNA molecules have a constant width in 1953?
They bombarded the DNA molecules with x-rays. This also revealed that the molecule spirals in the shape of a helix.
Who first noted that DNA is a TWISTED helix?
Linus Pauling, who had already won his first Nobel Prize for his work.
Who all won a Nobel Prize in 1962 for their research?
Watson, Crick, and Wilkens. Rosalind Franklin WOULD have received one, but the award is not given posthumously.
Watson and Crick discovered that a molecule of DNA can be broken lengthwise by doing what to it?
Heating it.
Is the attachment between strands strong or weaker than the attachment between the nucleotides that make up each linear half?
The attachment between the two linear pieces is weaker than the attachments of the sugar-phosphate backbone.
What is conservative replication of DNA?
The original double-stranded helix remains intact and somehow codes for a completely new double helix in one daughter cell; the other daughter cell contains the original double helix. (Incorrect hypothesis.)
What is dispersive replication of DNA?
The original double-stranded helix is completely broken apart in individual nucleotides that recombine with new nucleotides to make new double helices in both daughter cells. (Incorrect hypothesis.)
What is semi-conservative replication of DNA?
The original double helix is split lengthwise into single-stranded halves; each original half and a new half coded by it occurs in both daughter cells. (Correct hypothesis.)
Which two biologists did research with the nitrogen atoms resulting in heavy (H) and light (L) atoms?
Meselson and Stahl
What does mutually exclusive mean?
It means that if one prediction is true, it excludes all other predictions from being true.
What are the 4 nucleotide bases of DNA? RNA?
DNA- ATGC
RNA-AUGC
How many possible combinations are there for a piece of DNA that is 2 nucleotides long?
Calculate using exponents of 4. Example: for 2 nucleotides, 4 to the 2nd power. For 5 nucleotides, 4 to the 5th power, etc.
What is the minimum number of bases necessary to code for each amino acid?
3
How is RNA different from DNA?
RNA has a slightly modified sugar (ribose) that causes the RNA molecule to be single-stranded, and the slightly modified base Uracil replaces Thymine.
What is the START triplet?
AUG
Explain the "dot lab."
Two pieces of fabric represented the habitats of populations upon which we were feeding as oystercatchers or crashing into as logs. Both habitats are on the Pacific Northwest Coast.
What is a genome?
The total genetic makeup of an individual. (humans = 11Mbp.)
What is a pedigree?
A chart that shows a family's reproductive history.
In a pedigree, which symbols represent males and females?
Males = square
Females = circle
What is random mating?
When a species mates with anyone available, instead of being more selective about mates. (Random mating does not involve a mating ritual.
What are the pros and cons of random mating?
It helps mix the gene pool. It doesn't involve a mating ritual. It results in population growth. (Cons) Increase in abnormalities and sibling mating. Less parental care.
What are the pros and cons of sexual selection?
It involves a mating ritual, which can be time consuming so less population growth. Male/female choice so the best tend to pair off and weaker individuals don't last.