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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fixed action pattern
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sequence of unlearned acts that is essentially unchangeable and once initiated usually carried to completion
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Kinesis
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change in activity or turning rate in response to stimulus
Example: pill bugs (more active in dry areas/less in moist) |
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Taxis
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an oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus
Example: fish facing into current |
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Innate behavior
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behavior that is developed mentally fixed and under strong genetic control; exhibited in virtually the same form in all members of a population.
Example: canine play bow |
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Learning
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modification behavior based on specific experiences
Example: young chimpanzee termiting |
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Habituation
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loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no new information
Example: urban coyotes |
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Imprinting
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formation of a certain stage in life of long lasting behavioral responses to specific individuals or objects
Example: birds and songs |
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Associative learning
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acquired ability to connect one environmental feature to another.
Example: poison arrow frogs |
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Operant conditioning
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type of learning in which an animal learns to associate a behavior with a reward or punishment and acts accordingly.
Example: trial and error learning |
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Promiscuous
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no strong pair bonds or long lasting relationships
Example: warthogs |
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Monogamous
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strong pair bonds; remain together for long periods
Example: birds |
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Polygamous
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an individual of one sex mating with multiple members of the opposite sex
Example: lions |
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Sexual dimorphism
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significant differences between the secondary sexual characteristics of males and females
Example: lions, some birds |
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Inter-sexual selection
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individuals of one sex (females) actively choose their mates form the opposite sex
Example: peafowl |
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Intra-sexual selection
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individuals of one sex (males) compete for mate of the opposite sex
Example: lions |
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Agonistic behavior
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ritualized contests that determine which competitor wins; usually by size, strength or effective use of available weapons.
Example: bighorn sheep |
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Kinesis can be studied using :
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crustacean in the order isopoda called isopods
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Other common names for pill bugs are:
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wood lice, sow bugs, and roly-polies
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They’re terrestrial, behavior is involved to :
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avoid desiccation
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Collected in warm weather under
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flowerpots
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What were the materials used in the Pill bug experiment?
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1. Pill bugs
2. 2 large petri dishes 3. Filter paper 4. Squirt bottle of water |
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What was the Hypothesis about the Pill bug experiment?
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pill bugs will be more active in dry areas and less active in moist areas
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What was the prediction of the Pill bug experiment?
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if pills bugs are more active in dry areas than they will circle and turn more
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Kinetic response to varying moisture in the environment is called hygrokinesis. What other environmental factors might influence the behavior of pill bugs?
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-Looking for mates
- sunlight - temperature |
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List 4 factors that might initiate kinesis in pill bugs and predict their response to each. What possible adaptive advantage could this behavior provide?
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-Looking for moisture
This question needs 4 look it up |
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What were the materials in the Siamese fighting fish experiment?
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1.Male Siamese fighting fish in 1 – 2L flat-sided fish bowl
2.Mirror 3.Watch |
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What were the main thing to obsearve during the Siamese fighting fish experiment?
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frontal approach, broadside display, undulating movements, increased swimming speed, and enhanced coloration in tail, fin or body.
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What was the hypothesis of the Siamese fighting fish experiment?
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-Siamese fighting fish will behave as if seeing another male betta
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What was the Prediction of the Siamese fighting fish experiment?
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-If the Siamese fighting fish behaves as if seeing another male betta then it will act aggressively
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Label the Fish
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. |
1. Caudal FIn
2.Dorsal Fin 3.Pectoral Fin 4.Ventral Fin 5.Anal Fin |
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Do you conclude that agonistic behavior in Siamese fighting fish is an example of this type of behavior? Why or why not?
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- Yes it is a fixed action pattern, because they think it’s another betta fish, they look for long fins and once initiated they follow through to completion
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What is the obvious adaptive advantage of complex agonistic displays that are not followed by damaging fights? Are there advantages that are not so obvious?
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- Both have a chance
- Maintain gene pool - Everybody survives that’s healthy |
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Name several other animals that demonstrate a strong display that is seldom followed by a damaging fight.
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-Birds
- bighorn sheep - camilians |
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Name several animals that do engage in damaging fights.
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-Lions
- dogs - coyotes - giraffes |
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Autotrophic way of Feeding:
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photosynthetic
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Heterotrophic way of feeding
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depend on others for food
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What is primary production?
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amount of energy stored by autotrophs
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Algae
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autotrophs protists
Example: diatoms |
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Protozoa
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heterotrophic protists
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Phagocytosis
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the uptake of large particles or whole organisms by the pinching inward of the plasma membrane
Example: dog |
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Mixotrophic
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capable of photosynthesis and ingestion
Example: euglanoids |
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Label the Amoeba
1. 2. 3. |
1.Nucleus
2.Cytoplasm 3.plasma membrane |
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Label the Spirogyra
1. 2. 3. 4. |
1. Chloroplasts
2.Nucleus 3.Cytoplasm 4.Cell Wall |
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Label the Paramecium
1. 2. 3. |
1. Cell Wall
2. Nucleus 3.Cell Membrane |
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How do you think amoeboid organisms with skeletons such as the radiolarians, move food to their cell bodies?
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- Thread-like pseudopodia
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Compare the appearance and rate of locomotion in amoeboid, flagellated and ciliated organisms observed in this exercise.
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- Amoeboid: lobe-like pseudopods
- Flagellated: whip-like motion - Ciliated: rowing motion |
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Compare dinoflagellates and diatoms. What important ecological role is shared by these two groups?
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- Primary producers
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4. Slime molds were once place in the kingdom fungi. What characteristics suggest that these organisms are protestant?
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- Phagocytosis
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5. What important ecological role is shared by the macroscopic algae (green, red and brown)?
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- Primary producers
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6. What characteristics of green algae have led scientists to conclude that this group includes the ancestors of land plants, most likely the charophytes?
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- Photosynthetic
- Cell walls - Chloroplasts |
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Euglenozoans
Example: Trypanosoma Levisi |
characteristics: Micro Flagellated,parasitic, heterotrophic
Ecological Role: Parasitic Economic Importance: Lives in blood of rats |
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Alveolates
Example: Paramecia |
characteristics:Single-celled; Micro
Hetero, alveoli under cell membrane Ecological Role:Food for microscopic consumers in plankton and some animals Economic Importance: Only in role as food for larger organisms |
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Alveolates
Example:Dinoflagellates |
Example:
characteristics:Micro; Single-celled Auto; cell wall in plates Ecological Role: Primary Producer Economic Importance: Secretes Toxins that kill fish in red tides |
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stramenopiles
Example: Diatoms |
characteristics:Micro; auto; cell wall of silica; pinnate or centric forms
Ecological Role:Primary producer Economic Importance: Diatomaceous earth has commercial uses |
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Rhizarians
Examples: Foraminiferans |
characteristics: Mirco; ameboid; hetero; thread like pseudopodia; secret calcium carbonate tests
Ecological Role: Food for larger organisms in plankton Economic Importance : Form limestone deposits in ocean floor |
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Rhizarians
Examples: Radiolarians |
characteristics: Mirco; ameboid; hetero; thread like pseudopodia; secret calcium carbonate tests
Ecological Role: Food for larger organisms in plankton Economic Importance :Form silicon deposits in ocean floor |
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Amoebozoans
Example: Amoeba |
characteristics: Micro; ameboid; lobe-shaped pseudopodia; hetero
Ecological Role: Food for larger organisms Economic Importance :Some may be parasitic |
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Amoebozoans
Example: Physarum |
characteristics: Ameboid plasmodium; hetero
Ecological Role: Feeds on bacteria Economic importance : Sold in biological supply houses |
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Chloropyta and Charophyta
Example: Green algae: spirogyra, Ulva, Chara |
characteristics: Micro and Macro; store amylase; chlorophyll a and b pigments
Ecological Role: Primary producer Economic Importance : Food for humans and livestock and proposed medicinal app. |
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Alternation of generations
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a common sexual reproductive life cycle
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Gametophyte
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the sexual form of a plant in the alternation of generations
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Sporophyte
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the form of a plant in the alternation of generations that produces asexual spores.
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Spores
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apable of giving rise to a new individual either directly or indirectly.
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Sporangium
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a protective, non-reproductive jacket of cells
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Gametes
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a mature sexual reproductive cell that unites with another cell to form a new organism.
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What is this?????
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Archegonia of a Moss(female)
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What is this????
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Antheridia of a moss (male)
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wHAT IS THIS???
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Megasporangia and Microsporangia of Selaginella:
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Antheridia
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: a male reproductive structure producing gametes, occurring in ferns, mosses, fungi, and algae.
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Archegonia
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the female reproductive organ in ferns, mosses, etc.
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GENERAL CHARACTERISICS OF
Bryophytes: |
a) Seedless non-vascular plant
b) Habitat is limited in damp areas c) Gametophyte generation is dominant d) Examples: liverworts, hornworts |
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GENERAL CHARACTERISICS OF
Ferns: |
a) Seedless vascular plant
b) Sporophyte generation is dominant c) Habitat is limited in damp areas |
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Are the spores produced by the moss sporophyte formed by meiosis or mitosis? Are they haploid or diploid?
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- Meiosis/haploid
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Do the spores belong to the gametophyte or sporophyte generation?
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- Sporophyte
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Are the gametes haploid or diploid? Are they produced by meiosis or mitosis?
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- Haploid/mitosis
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Is the dominant generation for the mosses the gametophyte or the sporophyte?
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- Gametophyte
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Can you suggest any ecological role for mosses?
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- Primary producers
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What feature of the life cycle differs for bryophytes compared with all other land plants?
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- Gametophyte generation is dominant
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Are these leafy plants part of the sporophyte or the gametophyte generation? Do you have any evidence to support your answer?
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- Sporophyte: if mega or micro sporangium is present then it’s a sporophyte
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What features would you look for to determine if this were a seedless vascular plant?
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- If it has spores
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Are the microspores and megaspores produced by mitosis or meiosis?
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- Meiosis
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Will megaspores divide to form the female gametophyte or the sporophyte?
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- Gametophyte
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Are the spores produced by the fern sporophyte formed by meiosis or mitosis?
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- Meiosis
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Do the spores belong to the gametophyte or the sporophyte generation?
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- Sporophyte
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Are the gametes produced by meiosis or mitosis?
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- Meiosis
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Are the archegonia and antheridia haploid or diploid? This about which generation produces them.
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- Haploid: gametophyte generation
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15. Is the dominant generation for the fern the gametophyte or the sporophyte?
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- Sporophyte
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Can you suggest en ecological role for ferns?
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- Primary producers
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Do you think that non-vascular plants could ever have been large sized plants?
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- No because they don’t have vascular tissue
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What is the significance of chemotaxis to fern reproduction?
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- So the sperm can find the egg
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What is this?
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Staminate cone
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What is this????
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Ovulate cone
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Label the Flower:
1-11 |
1. Sepal
2. Ovule 3.Receptacle 4. Pedal 5. Filament 6. Anther 7. Stigma 8.Style 9.Ovary 10.Carpel 11.Stamen |
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What is the function of the wings on the pollen grain?
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- Wind dispersal
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Why is wind dispersal an important phenomenon in the evolution of plants?
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- No longer need water for reproduction
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Are microspores and megaspores produced by mitosis or meiosis?
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- Meiosis
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Can you think of at least two ways in which pine seeds are dispersed?
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- Wind
- Animals |
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Plants have evolved a number of characteristics that attract animals and ensure pollination, but what are the benefits to animals in this relationship?
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- Fruit and nutrition
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6. Why is internal fertilization essential for true terrestrial living?
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- Protection against water
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7. Explain how the rise in prominence of one major group does not necessarily result in the total replacement of a previously dominant group?
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- They have different habitats
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What is the problem with your neighbors rose garden?
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- She killed the pollinators
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Label the Anatomy of a Colus Stem Tip
1-5 |
1. Leaf Primordia
2 Undifferentiated vascular tissue 3. Apical meristems 4. Axillary bud primordia 5.Xylem |
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Name the Stem Anatomy
1-7 |
1. Epidermis
2. Cortex (choenchyma ) 3. Fibre Cap (slerenchyma) 4.,Phloem 5.Xylem 6.Pith (parenchyma) 7. Vascular Bundle |
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Label the Root Anatomy
1-3 |
1. Epidermis
2. Vascular Bundle 3.Cortex |
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Label More Root Anatomy
1-4 |
1. Pericycle
2. Endodermis 3. Phloem 4. Xylem |
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Label the Root
1-7 |
1.Root Cap
2. Root Tip ( Longitudainal Section) 3. Zone of Cell Division 4. Zone of Elongation 5.Zone of Maturation 6. Epidermis Root Hair 7. Vascular Cylinder |
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Label the Leaf Anatomy
1-6 |
1. Upper Epidermis
2. Mesophyll 3. Xylem 4. Phloem 5. Lower Epidermis 6.Midvein |
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Label the Leaf
A-K |
A)
B) Cuticle C) Xylem D) Phloem E) upper Epidermis F) vascular bundle G) lower epidermis J) guard cell k) stomata |
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Which are larger and more distinct, xylem cells or phloem cells?
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- Xylem
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What is the function of the xylem and phloem?
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- Xylem: transports water and minerals from the roots to leaves
- Phloem: transports nutrients from the leaves to roots |
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Suggest that the advantage of taproots and of fibrous roots under different environmental conditions
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- Taproots: desert, because they have to ravel deeper down to find water
- Fibrous: moist areas, because in moist areas water stays at the surface |
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Compare the structure and organization of roots and stems. How do these two organs differ?
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- Roots: absorbs water and nutrients
- Stems: transports nutrients up and down |
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Note that the epidermis of the root lacks a cuticle. Can you explain why this might be advantageous?
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- Prevents desiccation
- Strong need to absorb water |
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Describe the functions of leaves
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- Photosynthesis
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Provide evidence from your observations of leaf structure to support the hypothesis that structure and function be related. Be specific in your examples.
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- Wide, flat, lots of surface area
- Leaves are widely spread - Green - Stomata |
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8. Explain the observation that more stomata are found on the lower surface of the leaf than on the upper.
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- Keeps it from drying out
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What has happened to the several years of phloem tissue production?
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- Phloem gets pushed outside
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Based on your observations of the woody stem, does xylem or phloem provide structural support for trees?
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- Xylem
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Cells of the epidermis frequently retain a capability for cell division. Why is this important?
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- Protect against damage
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Why is the endodermis essential in the root but not in the stem?
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- To filter everything it absorbs
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Using your knowledge of the dual functions of guard cells relative to water retention and uptake of carbon dioxide, explain the reduction in photosynthetic productivity.
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- Guard cells closed, stops intake of CO2 and water
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Hypothesize about the trends in stomatal density that might be expected in response to climate change and increased carbon dioxide concentration.
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- Decrease number of stomata as CO2 increase
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The belt buckle of a standing 20 year old man may be a foot higher that it was when he was 10, but a nail driven into a 10 year old tree will be at the same height 10 years later. Explain.
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- Because a tree grows from the top up
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What special feature of plants provides for this incredible longevity? How do plants differ from animals in their pattern of growth and development?
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- Some plants have indeterminate growth
- Animals have determinate growth |
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Hyphae
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threadlike individual filaments
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Mycelium
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organs organized into the body of the fungus
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Sporangia
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round structures that hold spores
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Ascocarp
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a closed spherical structure that develops a pore at the top for spore dispersal.
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Conidia:
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spores
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Phylum:
Zygomycota (zygote fungi |
examples: rhizopus
Sexual reproductive structures: Zygote sporangia produce spores Asexual reproductive structures: Sporangia and spores |
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Phylum:
Ascomycota (sac fungi) |
examples: Peziza penicillium
Sexual reproductive structures: Ascocarp ascospores Asexual reproductive structures: conidia |
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Phylum:
Basidiomycota (club fungi) |
examples: Coprinus
Sexual reproductive structures: Pseudocarp pseudio spores Asexual reproductive structures: Conidia |
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Label the Parts of a Mushroom
1-3 |
1. Pileus
2. Gills 3. Stipe |
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Know the symbiotic relationships of lichens
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- The fungus of lichens has a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with algae. The fungi provide protection and moisture to the algae, and the algae feed the fungi with photosynthetic nutrients.
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Imagine an ecosystem with no fungi. How would it be modified?
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- Breaking down death and decaying nutrients
- Mutualistic provide nutrients - Recycle nutrients |
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Speculate about a possible evolutionary advantage to the fungus for the following:
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A) Penicillium makes and secretes an antibiotic
- Reduces competition B) Ergto fungus produces a chemical that is toxic to animals. - Prevents it from being eaten by animals - Reduces competition |
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