Biology Key Terms Chap 6

Front 1

Glycolysis

Back 1

The harvesting of chemical energy by the oxidation of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

Front 2

Pyruvate

Back 2

A 3 carbon molecule produced in energy harvest from oxidation of glucose

Front 3

Krebs Cycle

Back 3

Also known as the citric acid cycle(2nd stage of respiration), in the Mitrochrondia; the completion reaction of the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide

Front 4

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Back 4

Final stage of cell respiration; A series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during redox reactions that release energy that is used to make ATP

Front 5

Redox reactions

Back 5

Short for Oxidation reduction; a chemical reaction in which electrons are lsot from one substance(oxidation) and added to another(reduction)

Front 6

Electron Carriers

Back 6

Transport proteins that move energy

Front 7

Acetyl CoA

Back 7

The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in celluar respiration; Formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

Front 8

Alcohol fermentation

Back 8

The conversion of pyruvate from glycolosis to CO2 and ethyl alochol

Front 9

ATP Synthase

Back 9

A cluster of several membrane proteins that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP.

Front 10

Cellular Respiration

Back 10

The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules, such as glucose, and the storage of potential energy in a form that cells can use to perform work; involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis).

Front 11

Citric Acid Cycle

Back 11

The metabolic cycle fueled by acetyl CoA formed after glycolysis in cellular respiration. Chemical reactions in the citric acid cycle complete the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide. The cycle occurs in the matrix of mitochondria and supplies most of the NADH molecules that carry energy to the electron transport chains. The second major stage of cellular respiration.

Front 12

Dehydrogenase

Back 12

An enzyme that catalyzes a chemical reaction during which one or more hydrogen atoms are removed from a molecule

Front 13

Electron Transport Chain

Back 13

A series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; located in the inner membrane of mitochondria, the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, and the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.

Front 14

Glycolosis

Back 14

The multistep chemical breakdown of a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid.

Front 15

Intermediates

Back 15

The compounds that form between the initial reactant and the final product in a metabolic pathway, such as between glucose and pyruvate in glycolysis.

Front 16

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Back 16

The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.

Front 17

Nicoinamide Adenine Dinueleotide, NAD+/NADH

Back 17

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; a coenzyme that can accept electrons during the redox reactions of cellular metabolism. The plus sign indicates that the molecule is oxidized and ready to pick up hydrogens; the reduced, hydrogen- (electron-) carrying form is NADH.

Front 18

Oxidation

Back 18

The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction.

Front 19

Oxydative Phosophorlation

Back 19

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

Front 20

Redox Reaction

Back 20

Short for oxidation-reduction; a chemical reaction in which electrons are lost from one substance (oxidation) and added to another (reduction). Oxidation and reduction always occur together.

Front 21

Reduction

Back 21

The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies oxidation.