Biology Introduction To Plants - Chp 24

Front 1

cuticle

Back 1

waxy, watertight, outer covering of nonwoody above-ground parts of a plant

Front 2

stoma

Back 2

opening in a leaf or a stem of a plant that enables gas exchange to occur

Front 3

guard cell

Back 3

one of a pair of specialized cells that border a stoma

Front 4

vascular system

Back 4

system of vascular tissues that transport water and other materials in plants

Front 5

seed

Back 5

structure that consists of a plant embryo surrounded by a protective coat
- primary function is to promote seed dispersal

Front 6

embryo

Back 6

early stage in the development of plants and animal; term for a developing human during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy

Front 7

seed plant

Back 7

vascular plant that produces seeds

Front 8

flower

Back 8

reproductive structure of angiosperms; produces pollen in the anthers of stamens and eeds in a fruit; the mature ovary of a pistil

Front 9

phloem

Back 9

type of vascular tissue in plants, that contains soft-walled conducting cells through which organic compounds are transported throughout the body of a plant

Front 10

xylem

Back 10

type of vascular tissue in plants that contains hard-walled conducting cells that transport water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the leaves

Front 11

shoot

Back 11

portion of a plant that grows mostly upward and aboveground

Front 12

root

Back 12

portion of a plant that grows mostly downward and below ground

Front 13

meristem

Back 13

region(or zone) of actively dividing, undifferentiated plant cells that are capable of developing into specialized plant tissues

Front 14

rhizoid

Back 14

hypha that acts as an anchor for a fungus; hair-like projection that anchors a nonvascular plant

Front 15

rhizone

Back 15

horizontal underground stem

Front 16

monocot

Back 16

monocotyledon; angiosperm that produces seeds with a single cotyledon

Front 17

gymnosperm

Back 17

seed plant that produces seeds that do not develop within a fruit

Front 18

grain

Back 18

edible dry fruit of a cereal grass

Front 19

vegetative part

Back 19

any nonreproductive part of a plant

Front 20

dicot

Back 20

dicotyledon; angiosperm that produces seeds with two cotyledons

Front 21

cereal

Back 21

type of grass plant that produces edible fruits called grains and is grown as food for humans and livestock

Front 22

frond

Back 22

long, highly divided leaf of a fern

Front 23

angiosperm

Back 23

seed plant that produces reproductive strucutres in flowers and seeds within a fruit

Front 24

cone

Back 24

in plants, a cluster of nongreen spore-bearing leaves; in animals, photoreceptor of the retina of the eye that detects color

Front 25

endosperm

Back 25

nutritious triploid (3n) tissue that devlops in the seeds of angiosperms

Front 26

fruit

Back 26

structure that contains one or more seeds and develops from the ovary of the pistil of a flower

Front 27

SUMMARIZE HOW PLANTS ARE ADAPTED TO LIVING ON LAND (they evolved from algae)

Back 27

1) absorbing nutirents from the soil with their roots
2) preventing water loss - to prevent their bodies from drying out (helped by the cuticles)
3)reproducing on land - without needing water to transport the sperm - this is possible by the pollen which enable the sperm to be carried by the wind or animals

Front 28

DISTINGUISH NONVASCULAR PLANTS FROM VASCULAR PLANTS

Back 28

nonvascular plants -don't have a system to transport nutrients - they transport nutirients by osmosis and diffusion - this was the first plants - the gametophyte generation is dominant

- diff sizes of

vascular plants - 1st big adaptation for plants - have system and cells that transport nutrients and water within a plant - allowed more complex plants to evolve - the sporophyte generation is dominant

Front 29

RELATE THE SUCCESS OF PLANTS ON LAND TO SEEDS AND FLOWERS-

Back 29

-Flowers are imp. b/c they make plant production more efficient. Instead of having to rely on pollen and wind transport - which requires a large amount of pollen to ensure cross-pollination, flower plants are more efficient. Flowers attract animals that can carry the pollen. This enables:
- to cross pollinate with less pollen
-to cross polinate even when they are further apart. (MORE EFFICIENT)

Seeds provide: 1)nourishment 2)protection 3) dispersion (spreading) of the offspring 4)delayed growth if environment conditions are not good.

Front 30

DESCRIBE THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF A VASCULAR PLANT SPOROPHYTE

Back 30

Most have:
1) below ground roots
2) above ground shoots with stems and leaves
3) growth occurs in shoot meristems and root meristerms

Front 31

THE 4 MAJOR GROUPS OF PLANTS

Back 31

- nonvascular plants
-seedless vascular plants
-gymnosperms
-angiosperms

Front 32

KEY FEATURES OF SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

Back 32

- More larger and complex than nonvasc. plants
Key feat:
1) have a vascular sys with xylem and phloem - enable them to grow larger than non vasc plants

2) larger sporophyte than the gametophytes - easier to carry spores from them-> mroe efficient

3) spores are draught tolerant b/c they have thick walls - enable plant to live in dryer environement

Front 33

KEY FEATURES OF NONVASCULAR PLANTS

Back 33

1) SMALL SIZE as water/nutrients are transported by osmosis/diffusion (limits size)
2) LARGER GAMETOPHYTE THAN sporophytes
3)REQUIRE WATER FOR SEXUAL PRODUCTION

Front 34

2 phyla of nonvascular plants

Back 34

1) mosses
2) liverworts
3) hornworts

Front 35

color of gametophytes

color of sporophytes

Back 35

game - green

sporo - non-green (grow of tips of gametohpytes)

Front 36

kinds of seedless vascular plants

Back 36

1)ferns - most common, abundant in tropics (sporophytes) -have fronds and fiddleheads (young leafs)
2)club mosses - have roots, stems and leaves
3)horsetails - also have roots, stems and leaves
4)whisk ferns - no leaves or roots,have high stems

(last 3 are known as fern allies)

Front 37

KEY FEATURES OF GYMNOSPERMS

Back 37

- are seed plants that do not develop within a sealed container (fruit)
- are one of the most successful plants
KEY FEATURES:
1)they produce seeds which are great for the plants
2)have 2 types of tiny gametophytes (males and females) that develop in cones
3) sperm is carried by the pollen which is transported by wind

Front 38

KINDS of GYMNOSPERMS

Back 38

1)CONIFERS - the most familiar and successful (Redwoods in CA, oldest tree in the world in ROcky Mtns)- most common
2)CYCADS
3)GINGKO
4)GNETOPHYTES

Front 39

KEY FEATURES OF ANGIOSPERMS

Back 39

- flowering plants that produce seeds
FEATURES:
1) have flowers - promote fertilization and pollination more effectively than cones
2) fruits - that house the seeds while it develops and promote seed dispersion (when animals eat them or when they float in wind)
3)have endosperm - a supply of food which is often abosorbed by embryo before seeds mature

Front 40

kinds of ANGIOSPERMS

Back 40

MOST DIVERSE GROUP OF PLANTS
2 subgroups:
1) MONOCOTS -produce seeds with 1 seed leaf
- they have narrow long leaves and flowers in multiples of 3 (x3)
2) DICOTS - produce seeds with 2 seed leaves
- they have branching leaves, and flowers x2, x4, x5

Front 41

Why do you think vascular plants are more successful than non vasc. plants in land?

Back 41

b.c the non vascular plants have a limited ability to grow as they have no way of carrying their foods through a large body.
- They also rely on water to carry for production (to carry sperm), thus they need to live in water.

Front 42

CLassify into appropriate PHYLA:
1) pine trees
2) carnations
3)shagnum moss
4)wood fern
5) cantaloupe

Back 42

1) pine trees - gymnosperms (conifers)
2) carnations - angiosperms (flowering plants)
3)shagnum moss -nonvascular plant
4)wood fern - seedless vasc. plants
5) cantaloupe - angiosperm (the fruit of an agiosperm)
4)wood fern -

Front 43

How are spores and pollen grains adapted to their functions?

Back 43

1)Pollinated plants that are pollinated by animals produce less pollen- as less pollen is needed to crosspollinate

2)the spores of seedless vasc plants have thickened walls that are resistant to drying - so that plants can live in harsher environments

Front 44

Why are angiosperms the most successful group of plants?

Back 44

b/c through their flowers, they can reproduce quickly, and thru their fruits, their seeds have protection, so they can last a long time (as a class of plant)

Front 45

where and when did the first plants evolve?

Back 45

-from multicellular acquatic algae
- when?

Front 46

how did the first plants reproduce?

Back 46

acquatic alage reproduce sexually when sperm swim throught the water to fertilize eggs.
(needed water for sperm to travel)

Front 47

spores

Back 47

a haploid reproductive cell that can develop into an adult without fusing with another cell

Front 48

types of plants that were dominant when dynosaurs roamed the Earth

Back 48

??

Front 49

meaning of gumnosperm word ion greek

Back 49

gymno=naked
sperma =seed

Front 50

Diff b/n a male and female pinecone?

Back 50

- grains of pollen are male gametophytes
- female gametophytes are in seeds
-female gametophytes develop in female cones (in the seeds)
- male gametophytes develop in male cones

Front 51

what type of plants evolved about 120 M yrs ago?

Back 51

??

Front 52

meaning of angiosperm in greek

Back 52

angeion = case
sperma = seed

Front 53

Diff b/n angiosperm and gymnosperm

Back 53

angio - seeds are inside the fruit

gymno - seeds are not in a container (fruit)

Front 54

#n species of angiosperms

Back 54

>250,000 species
90% of all living plants