Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Hippocrates
|
No divine causes, only natural causes
|
|
|
Thales of Miletus
|
Reductionism - Believed everything made from water.
Critical evaluation of problems = no myths |
|
|
Reductionism
|
Everything made of same material
|
|
|
Paramenides
|
Rationialism
No flux = everything that exists has always existed Thinking alone will come to truth Scientists = sceptics |
|
|
Rationalism
|
Knowledge arises not from experience but exclusively from intellectual reasoning.
|
|
|
Heraclitus
|
Everything is in flux
|
|
|
Democritus
|
Everything consists of atoms & space
|
|
|
Pythagoras
|
"Number is the ruler of forms & ideas"
Extended reductionism |
|
|
Galileo
|
"Science is written in the language of mathematics"
|
|
|
Socrates
|
"The unexamined life is not worth living"
Ultimate pursuit of truth Put to death for corrupting the young intellectually |
|
|
Plato
|
Rejected experimental approach
Only the most virtuous people should be in charge |
|
|
Aristotle
|
"Wisdom is the knowledge of principles & causes"
"Every realm of nature is marvelous" Rejected extreme rationalism & experimental approach Teleology Holism Defined the ...ologies |
|
|
Teleology
|
Everything exists because it has a function and something has given it to them.
|
|
|
Holism
|
The whole is more than the sum of its parts - against reductionism
|
|
|
Alhazan
|
Pioneer in maths, optics, astronomy & experimental studies
|
|
|
William Occam
|
"Occam's Razor"
Lots of competing theories > start with most basic |
|
|
Bacon
|
Induction - theory & test
Progress in science is gradual, progressive & evolutionary Science is a community activity - founded Royal Society |
|
|
William Gilbert
|
One experiment links to another & another & so on
Series of experiments on magnetism |
|
|
Darwin
|
Induction without experiment - evolution
|
|
|
Locke
|
Empiricist
"There is a great variety of opinions concerning moral rules... which could not be if practical principles were innate & imprinted in our minds" |
|
|
Hume
|
Empiricist
Any book without experimental reasoning = put to the flames |
|
|
Berkeley
|
Empiricist
"To be is to be perceived" |
|
|
Empirism
|
No innate knowledge
Knowledge comes from experience |
|
|
Ernst Mach
|
Logical positivism/empiricist
All knowledge can be reduced to logical and scientific foundations. |
|
|
Logical positivism
|
Arguments not based on observable data are meaningless
|
|
|
Alfred Ayer
|
Logical positivism/empiricist
Statements about material objects can be reduced to statements about sense-data. |
|
|
Peter Strawson
|
"Philosophy should be concerned with things as we know them, not with some abstruse & abstract world beyond our experience or with some artificial formal theory"
|
|
|
Kant
|
Synthesis of rationalism & empiricism
Need reason and experince |
|
|
Bertrand Russell
|
Philosophy should be built on science (less risk of error)
“All have tendency to think that the world must conform to out prejudices. the opposite view involves some effort of thought, and most people would sooner die than think- in fact, they do so.” “Science is innocent unless proved guilty, while philosophy is guilty unless proved innocent.” |
