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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
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The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus
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Where does protein digestion begin?
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The stomach
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Where does the nucleic acid digestion begin?
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The lumen of the small intestine
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Where does fat digestion begin?
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The lumen of small intestine
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What are symptoms of vitamin A deficiency or (excess)?
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Blindness and increased death rate. (Headache, irritability, vomiting, hair loss, blurred vision, liver, and bone damage)
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What are symptoms of vitamin D deficiency or (excess)?
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Rickets (bone deformities) in children, bone softening in adults. (Brain, cardiovascular, and kidney damage)
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What are symptoms of vitamin E deficiency or (excess)?
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Degeneration of the nervous system.
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What are symptoms of vitamin K deficiency or (excess)?
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Defective blood clotting. (Liver damage and anemia)
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What are symptoms of Folic acid deficiency or (excess)?
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Anemia, birth defects. (May mask deficiency of vitamin B12)
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What are symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency or (excess)?
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Anemia, nervous system disorders
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What are symptoms of vitamin C deficiency or (excess)?
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Scurvy (degeneration of skin, teeth, blood vessels), weakness, delayed wound healing, impaired immunity. (Gastrointestinal upset)
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What are symptoms of calcium deficiency?
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Retarded growth, possibly loss of bone mass.
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What are symptoms of potassium deficiency?
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Muscular weakness, paralysis, nausea, heart failure.
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What are symptoms of sodium deficiency?
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Muscle cramps, reduced appetite.
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What are symptoms of iron deficiency?
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Iron-deficiency anemia, weakness, impaired immunity.
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What are symptoms of fluorine deficiency?
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Higher frequency of tooth decay.
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What are symptoms of iodine deficiency?
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Goiter (enlarged thyroid)
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What does the P wave of an ECG indicate?
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The P wave indicates that the atria are electrically stimulated to pump blood to the ventricles.
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What does the QRS complex of an ECG indicate?
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The QRS complex indicates that the ventricles are electrically stimulated to pump out blood.
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What does the ST segment of an ECG indicate?
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The ST segment indicates the amount of time from the end of the contraction of the ventricles to the beginning of the T wave.
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What does the T wave of an ECG indicate?
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The T wave indicates the recovery period of the ventricles.
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What is 500 mL of air inhaled called?
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Tidal volume (normal)
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What is 1200 mL of air expelled called?
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Forced expiratory volume
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What is 3100 mL of air inhaled called?
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Forced inspiratory volume
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What is the remaining 1200 mL of air called?
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Residual volume
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What is forced inspiratory volume +tidal volume called?
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Inspiratory reserve capacity
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What is forced expiratory volume + residual volume called?
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Functional residual capacity
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What is the tidal volume +forced expiratory volume + forced inspiratory volume?
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Vital capacity
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What is the tidal volume +forced expiratory volume + forced inspiratory volume + residual volume?
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Total lung capacity (about 6 L)
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What are the fat soluble vitamins?
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Vitamins A, D, E, K
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What are the water soluble vitamins?
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Vitamins C, B12, B9 (folic acid)
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What is the function of bile salts?
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Emulsify lipids in food and destroy microbes that may be present in food.
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What are the different types of anemia?
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Iron deficiency, vitamin deficiency, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell, thalassemia, aplastic anemia.
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What are the essential amino acids?
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Phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, leucine, lysine (histidine and arginine)
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What are the parts and purposes of the neuron?
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Cell body (center for receiving and sending nerve impulses), axon (carry messages), dendrites (receive impulses)
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How does increasing acidity increase the respiratory rate?
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CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 (called the Bohr shift)
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What is involved in blood clotting?
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A cascade of complex reactions converts fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a clot.
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How come the air rushes into our lungs?
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Negative pressure breathing pulls air into the lungs.
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What hormone causes an increase in blood cell production?
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Erythropoietin (EPO)
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What is the function of the lymphatic system?
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Returns fluid that leaks out in the capillary beds and aids in body defense.
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What produces the HCl found in gastric juices?
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Parietal cells
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What produces the pepsin found in gastric juices?
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Chief cells secrete inactive pepsinogen, which is activated to pepsin when mixed with HCl.
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What is in the pancreatic fluid secreted by the pancreas?
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Trypsin and Chymotrypsin (digest proteins), pancreatic amylase (digest starch), lipase (digest fat), bicarbonate (neutralizes HCl from stomach)
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What does the enzymes secreted from the pancreas do?
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They are alkaline and thus neutralize the acidic chyme in the stomach.
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What is a regulator (positive and negative feedback)?
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Uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation.
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What is a conformer (positive and negative feedback)?
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Allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changers.
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What do glial cells do?
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Help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons.
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What are thin myofilaments are called?
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Actin
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What are thick myofilaments are called?
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Myosin
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What causes gastric ulcers in the stomach?
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Helicobater pyroli
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The space between cells which allows for the movement of material into and out of cells.
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Interstitial fluid
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Connective tissue cells that secrete the protein of extracellular fibers.
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Fibroblasts
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Connective tissue cells that are involved in the immune system.
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Macrophages
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What kind of tissue is found in the papillary layer?
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Loose areolar connective tissue
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What kind of tissue is found in the reticular layer?
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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What kind of tissue is found in the epidermis?
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Squamous stratified epithelial
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What is low amounts of hemoglobin in the red blood cell called?
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Hypochromic anemia
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The condition where the red blood cell is smaller than 7 micrometers?
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Microcytic anemia
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What transmits hormone to receptive cells throughout the body via blood?
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The endocrine system
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A process where homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment.
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Acclimatization
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How would you measure the metabolic rate?
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Determine the amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced.
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What is the metabolic rate of an endotherm?
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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
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3/4 of the skin is a _______ layer, the rest is ______ layer.
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cornified, keratinized
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What aids in digestion and absorption of fats?
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Bile
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The epithelial lining of the duodenum that produces digestive enzymes.
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The brush border
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The small intestine has a huge surface area due to?
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Villi and microvilli
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Each villus contains a network of blood vessels and a small lymphatic vessel called?
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Lacteal
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Fats within the epithelial cells are mixed with cholesterol and coated with protein forming what?
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Chylomicrons
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Capillaries and veins from the lacteals converge in the ____________ and deliver blood to the liver and then to the heart.
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hepatic portal vein
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What are the appetite suppressants?
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Leptin, PYY, and insulin
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What starts up the appetite?
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Ghrelin
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The blood that returns to the heart via the superior vena cava came from?
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Head, neck, and forelimbs
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The blood that returns to the heart via the inferior vena cava came from?
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Trunk and hind limbs
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What is the contraction phase of the heart?
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Systole
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What is the relaxation/ filling phase of the heart?
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Diastole
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What is the volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute?
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Cardiac output
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What separates each atrium and ventricle?
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AV valves
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What controls blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery?
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Semilunar valves
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What sets the rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract?
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Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)
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The peptide that is an important inducer of vasoconstriction.
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endothelin
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What are the 5 major types of leukocytes (WBC)?
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Monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes.
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Coats the surface of the alveoli and prevents the lungs from collapsing.
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Surfacants
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What makes up the AV valve?
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Tricuspid and mitral valves
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What makes up the semilunar valve?
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Pulmonary and aortic
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