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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sex chromosome
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one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual
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autosome
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any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
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sex-linked trait
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a trait that is determined by a gene found on one of the sex chromosomes, such as the X chromosome or the Y chromosome in humans
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frameshift mutation
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a mutation, such as the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in a coding sequence, that results in the misreading of the code during translation because of a change in the reading frame
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chromosome map
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a diagram of gene positions on a chromosome
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somatic-cell mutation
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a mutation that occurs in a body cell
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lethal mutation
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a gene or chromosomal mutation that influences the development of an organism in such a way that the organism cannot survive
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deletion
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the loss of a part of DNA from a chromosome
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inversion
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a reversal in the order of the genes, or of a chromosome segment, within a chromosome
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translocation
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the movement of a segment of DNA from one chromosome to another, which results in a change in the position of the segment; also the movement of soluble nutrients from one part of a plant to another
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nondisjunction
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the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or meiosis II
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point mutation
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a mutation in which only one nucleotide or nitrogenous base in a gene is changed
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substitution
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a mutation in which a nucleotide or a codon in DNA is replaced with a different nucleotide
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frameshift mutation
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a mutation, such as the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in a coding sequence, that results in the misreading of the code during translation because of a change in the reading frame
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pedigree
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in the orbit of a satellite, the point at which the satellite is closest to Earth
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carrier
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in biology, an individual who has one copy of a recessive autosomal allele that causes disease in the homozygous condition
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genetic disorder
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an inherited disease or disorder that is caused by a mutation in a gene or by a chromosomal defect
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multiple allele
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an inherited disease or disorder that is caused by a mutation in a gene or by a chromosomal defect
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incomplete dominance
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a condition in which a trait in an individual is intermediate between the phenotype of the individual's two parents because the dominant allele is unable to express itself fully
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sex-influenced trait
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an autosomal trait that is influenced by the presence of male or female sex hormones
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Huntington's disease
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a rare hereditary disease of the brain characterized by involuntary movements of the limbs or face, decreasing mental abilities, and eventual death
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amniocentesis
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a procedure used in fetal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid is removed from the uterus of the pregnant woman
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chorionic villi sampling
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a procedure in which the chorionic villi to are analyzed to diagnose fetal genotypes
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genetic counseling
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the process of testing and informing potential parents about their genetic makeup and the likelihood that they will have offspring with genetic defects or hereditary diseases
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gene therapy
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a technique that places a gene into a cell to correct a hereditary disease or to improve the genome
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