Biology Grade 11 - Unit 1

Front 1

heterotroph (diversity of living things unit)

Back 1

an organism that obtains energy-rich nutrients by consuming living or dead organisms (ex. wolf)

Front 2

autotroph (diversity of living things unit)

Back 2

an organism that uses sources of energy to produce nutrients from water, gases, and/or minerals (ex. plants)

Front 3

species diversity (diversity of living things unit)

Back 3

a measure of diversity that takes the quantity of each species present, as well as the variety of different species present, into account

Front 4

structural diversity (diversity of living things unit)

Back 4

the range of physical shapes and sizes within a habitat or ecosystem (ex. a herb layer, then an understorey, and then a canopy provide good structural diversity)

Front 5

Name the six types of species interactions (diversity of living things unit)

Back 5

Food Supply, Protection, Transportation, Reproduction, Hygiene, Digestion

Front 6

How does loss of biodiversity affect humans?

Back 6

Threatens food supply, eliminates sources of natural medicines + potential medicines, economic impact on tourism and forestry, potentially causes lack of normal carbon uptake by natural ecosystems

Front 7

taxonomy (diversity of living things unit)

Back 7

the science of classifying all organisms; taxonomists classify both living and fossil species

Front 8

dichotomous key (diversity of living things unit)

Back 8

a series of branching, two part statements used to identify organisms (or objects)

Front 9

evolution (diversity of living things unit)

Back 9

the scientific theory that describes changes in species over time and their shared ancestry

Front 10

phylogeny (diversity of living things unit)

Back 10

the study of the evolutionary relatedness between, and among, species

Front 11

phylogenetic tree (diversity of living things unit)

Back 11

a diagram depicting the evolutionary relationships between different species or groups

Front 12

clade (diversity of living things unit)

Back 12

a taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants

Front 13

prokaryote (diversity of living things unit)

Back 13

a single-celled organism that does not contain membrane-bound organelles

Front 14

eukaryote (diversity of living things unit)

Back 14

any organism whose cells contain organelles; some eukaryotic organisms are single-celled, while others are multicellular

Front 15

Name the six kingdoms

Back 15

Eubacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plants (plantae), Animals (animalia)

Front 16

domain

Back 16

the highest taxonomic level; there are three domains of life

Front 17

Name the three domains

Back 17

Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

Front 18

pathogen

Back 18

a disease-causing agent, often a virus or micro-organism

Front 19

mutualism

Back 19

a relationship between two species that live in very close association with each other, whereby each benefits from the association

Front 20

antibiotic

Back 20

a substance that can kill or weaken micro-organisms; natural antibiotics are produced by bacteria or fungi, whereas synthetic antibiotics are manufactured

Front 21

plasmid

Back 21

a small loop of DNA often in prokaryotic cells; usually contains a small number of genes

Front 22

capsule

Back 22

an outer layer on some bacteria; provides some protection for the cell

Front 23

coccus

Back 23

a round bacterial cell

Front 24

bacillus

Back 24

a rod-shaped bacterial cell

Front 25

spirillum

Back 25

a spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacterial cell

Front 26

inorganic chemical

Back 26

a chemical that has an abiotic origin

Front 27

organic chemical

Back 27

in biology, any chemical that contains carbon and is produced by living things; carbon dioxide is an exception - it is produced during respiration but is classified as inorganic

Front 28

obligate aerobe

Back 28

an organism that cannot survive without oxygen

Front 29

facultative aerobe

Back 29

an organism that can live with or without oxygen

Front 30

fermentation

Back 30

an anaerobic process that releases chemical energy from food

Front 31

obligate anaerobe

Back 31

an organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

Front 32

binary fission

Back 32

the division of one parent cell into two genetically identical daughter cells; a dorm of asexual reproduction

Front 33

conjugation

Back 33

a form of sexual reproduction in which two cells join to exchange genetic information

Front 34

transformation

Back 34

a process in which a bacterial cell takes in and uses pieces of DNA from its environment

Front 35

horizontal gene transfer

Back 35

the transfer of genetic information from one species into a different species

Front 36

endospore

Back 36

a dormant structure that forms inside certain bacteria in response to stress; protects the cell's chromosome from damage

Front 37

virus

Back 37

a small infectious particle containing genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA within a protein capsule

Front 38

capsid

Back 38

a protein coat that surrounds that DNA or RNA of a virus

Front 39

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Back 39

a nucleic acid found in all cells and some viruses; usually carries genetic information that provides instructions for synthesizing protein

Front 40

What's the difference between an epidemic and pandemic?

Back 40

epidemic: large-scale outbreak of disease; usually limited to a certain geographical range

pandemic: epidemic that happens in a wider region, often globally

Front 41

bacteriophage

Back 41

a virus that infects bacteria

Front 42

lysis

Back 42

The rupturing of a cell; can occur when newly made viruses are released from a host cell

Front 43

lysogeny

Back 43

a state of dormancy in which viral DNA may remain within a host cell's chromosome for many cell cycle generations

Front 44

transduction

Back 44

a type of gene transfer in which a virus transfers DNA from one bacterium to another

Front 45

gene therapy

Back 45

a method of treating disease in which genes are introduced into cells to replace, supplement, or repair a defective gene

Front 46

viroid

Back 46

a very small infectious piece of RNA responsible for some serious diseases in plants

Front 47

prion

Back 47

an abnormally shaped infectious protein responsible for some brain diseases of mammals, including humans

Front 48

endosymbiosis

Back 48

a relationship in which a single-celled organism lives withing the cell(s) of another organism (ex. Chloroplasts and mitochondria)

Front 49

haploid

Back 49

a cell containing half the usual complement of chromosomes (n)

Front 50

zygote

Back 50

a cell produced by the fusion of two gametes

Front 51

diploid

Back 51

a cell containing two copies of each chromosome (2n)

Front 52

sporophyte

Back 52

a diploid organism that produces haploid spores in an alternation of generations life cycle

Front 53

spore

Back 53

a haploid reproductive structure; usually a single cell; capable of growing into a new individual

Front 54

gametophyte

Back 54

a haploid organism that produces haploid sex cells in an alternation of generations life cycle

Front 55

alternation of generations

Back 55

a life cycle in which diploid individuals produce spores that create haploid individuals; the haploid individuals reproduce sexually, producing sporophyte individuals and completing the cycle

Front 56

mycelium

Back 56

a branched mass of hyphae

Front 57

hypha

Back 57

a thin filament that makes up the body of a fungus

Front 58

chitin

Back 58

a complex chemical found in the cell walls of fungi and in the external coverings of insects and crustaceans such as lobsters and crabs

Front 59

dikaryotic

Back 59

containing two separate nuclei (apples to fungi)

Front 60

cuticle

Back 60

waterproof, waxy coating produced by the epidermis of most plants

Front 61

stoma

Back 61

a small opening in the epidermis of a plant that allows gas exchange

Front 62

bryophyte

Back 62

a small seedless plant that lacks vascular tissue

Front 63

antheridium

Back 63

the specialized structure on a gametophyte that produces sperm

Front 64

archegonium

Back 64

the specialized structure on a gametophyte that produces eggs

Front 65

sporangium

Back 65

the structure in which spores are produced

Front 66

lignin

Back 66

structural component in the vascular tissues of plants; responsible for the strength of wood

Front 67

lycophyte

Back 67

a seedless vascular plant; ex. club mosses

Front 68

pterophyte

Back 68

a seedless vascular plant; ex. ferns

Front 69

rhizome

Back 69

a horizontal underground stem

Front 70

frond

Back 70

fern leaf

Front 71

pollen

Back 71

small structures called 'grains' that contain a microscopic haploid male gametophyte

Front 72

ovule

Back 72

a small structure that contains a microscopic haploid female gametophyte

Front 73

What does a seed contain?

Back 73

Contains an embryo and food supply; covered by the seed coat

Front 74

gymnosperm

Back 74

a vascular plant that produces seeds in special structures called cones; major plant group

Front 75

cone

Back 75

reproductive structure of conifers; creates either pollen or ovules

Front 76

angiosperm

Back 76

a plant that produces flowers; angiosperms = group with the largest plants

Front 77

flower

Back 77

the specialized reproductive structure of an angiosperm

Front 78

fruit

Back 78

mature ovary of an angiosperm (contains the seeds)

Front 79

cotyledon

Back 79

a structure in the seeds of flowering plants that stores nutrients

Front 80

radial symmetry

Back 80

symmetry around a central axis

Front 81

bilateral symmetry

Back 81

symmetry around a midline

Front 82

germ layer

Back 82

one or more layers that form in early embryonic development

Front 83

coelom

Back 83

the body cavity; contains internal organs