Biology Grade 10

Front 1

all organisms exist in either ______ or ________ form

Back 1

unicellular or multicellular

Front 2

what do all organisms carry out

Back 2

the functions of life

Front 3

what is the first postulate of cell theory

Back 3

all organisms are compose of one or more cells

Front 4

What is the second postulate of cell theory

Back 4

cells are the smallest form of life

Front 5

what is the third postulate of cell theory

Back 5

all cells come from pre-existing cells

Front 6

what did Robert Hooke invent in 1665, what did he observe and what did he coin

Back 6

the microscope, cork cells, cell

Front 7

what did anton van leuvenhoek observe in 1670

Back 7

living animalcules

Front 8

in 1838 what did Martias Schlseiden state?

Back 8

plants made of up of independent beings called cells

Front 9

what did Theodor Schwann state in 1839

Back 9

all animals are up of cells

Front 10

what did louis pasteur disprove in 1860

Back 10

spontaneous generation theory.

Front 11

What is the metabolism function of life

Back 11

reactions within the body (cellular respiration)

Front 12

What is the growth function of life

Back 12

repair, replacement

Front 13

What is the reproduction function of life

Back 13

DNA passed onto offspring

Front 14

what is the Irritability function of life

Back 14

response to stimuli

Front 15

what is the homeostasis function of life

Back 15

maintenance of constant internal conditions e.g. body temperature

Front 16

what is the nutrition function of life

Back 16

ingestion, digestion, aspiration, and the utilization of nutrients to maintain life

Front 17

what the order of relative sizes:

Back 17

subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, thickness of the cell membrane, virus, bacteria, eukaryotic organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organisms

Front 18

what is the formula for surface area for the limits to cell size

Back 18

4πr^2 (four pi times radius to the power two)

Front 19

what is the formula for volume for the limits to cell size

Back 19

4/3 πr^3 (four thirds pi times radius to the power of three)

Front 20

what is the SA:V ration formula

Back 20

3/r

Front 21

How may the cell modify this SA:V ratio

Back 21

increasing in length (nerve cell) or invaginating (microvilli)

Front 22

How do multicellular organism begin life

Back 22

as a single cell (zygote) after sexual reproduction

Front 23

What follows being a single cell zygote

Back 23

Mitotic division follows creating a cluster of identical cells, each having identical DNA

Front 24

When does differentiation begin

Back 24

when certain genes (DNA segments) are expressed while others are suppressed

Front 25

what happens after specialization

Back 25

some cells retain the ability to reproduce like cells (e.g. skin) while others are greatly limited (e.g. neurones)

Front 26

stem cells retain the ability and differentiate what are the 4 types

Back 26

uni potent

multipotent

plury potent- body cells

toti potent- placenta and umbilical chord

Front 27

stem cells in plants

Back 27

meristematic tissue in stem and root

Front 28

stem cells in animals

Back 28

embryonic cells are called pluripotent tips. Human stem cells are the basis of therapeutic cloning technics.

Front 29

How could therapeutic cloning help parkinson's and Altzehiemer's patients

Back 29

they are result of loss of brain cells; stem cells are implanted to replace lost brain cells

Front 30

what happens when a cell ages

Back 30

Telemeters get shorter as the cell ages until it frays and goes away

Front 31

what does Canadian law prohibit

Back 31

creation of embryos for research. This includes somatic cell nuclear transfer or human therapeutic cloning

Front 32

What could happen in human therapeutic cloning was legal

Back 32

licensed researchers would be allowed to substitute DNA for the nucleus of an ehh the resulting embryo would contain stem cells- capable of turning into brain, liver cells etc. Being able to cure Alzheimer's, parkinson's, cancer, spinal chord injuries.

Front 33

how is a day old embryo described, and why is the risk of of rejection lowered.

Back 33

only potentially human, no nervous system or conciseness merely a group of un-different cells. it is lowered because the DNA would be the donors own

Front 34

How does the government hope to further research with stem cells obtained from:

Back 34

adult humans

embryos left over from fertilization clinics

tissue of aborted foetuses

Front 35

What two kingdoms did Aristotle think existed

Back 35

plantae & amialia

Front 36

what are the classifications for all species

Back 36

kingdom (kpcofgs)

phylum

class

order

family

genus

species

Front 37

who and when was the microscope invented, what did he discover

Back 37

leeuwenhoek, 17th century, an entire world of micro organisms

Front 38

what kingdom was proposed in 1806 and by who

Back 38

ernst heckt Protista (single cell organisms)

Front 39

What is the forth kingdom

Back 39

Fungi, absorb food materials

Front 40

what is the 5th kingdom

Back 40

baterica (prokaryote, monera, eubacteria)

Front 41

what is the 6th kingdom

Back 41

Archaea (Bacteria that survive in the harshest environment)

Front 42

What do eukaryotes have, that prokaryotes do not

Back 42

A cell nucleus

Front 43

What kingdom belongs in the prokaryotes and which in the eukaryotes

Back 43

bacteria and archaea, in eukaryotes protists, plants, fungi, animals.

Front 44

what is the size of prokaryotes then eukaryotes

Back 44

small (1-100μm), large (100-1000μm)

Front 45

prokaryotes have ______ DNA, and eukaryotes have what type of DNA.

Back 45

Circular DNA, and DNA with nuclear membrane

Front 46

What type of genome do prokaryotes have

Back 46

single chromosome in nucloid region

Front 47

what type of genome do eukaryotes have

Back 47

several chromosomes in membrane bound nucleus

Front 48

What are eukaryote cells divided by which don't divide prokaryotes

Back 48

mitosis, and meiosis

Front 49

what type of reproduction do prokaryotes carry out, then eukaryotes

Back 49

asexual, sexual

Front 50

Prokaryotes are rarely______, but most forms of _______ are multi cellular

Back 50

multicellular, eukaryotes

Front 51

Prokaryotes have no __________ organelles, and eukaryotes have ________

Back 51

membrane bound, mitochondria

Front 52

Many prokaryotes are _________ and most eukaryotes are _________ (starts with an a)

Back 52

anaerobic, aerobic

Front 53

the cell wall in prokaryotes is __________ and the cell wall in eukaryotes is _________

Back 53

peptidoglycan, cellulose

Front 54

Both types of cells have a _______ membrane

Back 54

plasma

Front 55

in both there is a flagella for ________

Back 55

motility

Front 56

In both the ribsome is the site of _________

Back 56

protein synthesis

Front 57

How old is Archaea bacteria?

Back 57

may have been the first life. forms 3.5 bya

Front 58

Where do methogens live? what is there source of energy?

Back 58

oxygen free environment (swamp), CO2, N2, H2S and they produce methane as waste

Front 59

What are Halophiles and where do they live?

Back 59

saltlovers, live in 15% saline environments

Front 60

What are thermoacidphiles, and where do they live?

Back 60

heat and acid lovers, live in hot (80c) acidic environments like sulphur springs and deep sea vents. using S ad an energy source.

Front 61

what is biotechnology?

Back 61

enzymes required for medical and industrial research

Front 62

Archaea enzymes withstand ___________, they can be used for what type of editing.

Back 62

extreme conditions, DNA.

Front 63

what are all the shapes of kingdom bacteria?

Back 63

cocci (shperical) Bacilli (rod-shaped) Spirilli (spiral shaped)

Front 64

what are the different patterns of prokaryotes?

Back 64

diplo (pairs), statylo (clusters), strepto (chain)

Front 65

What is a gram positive cell wall structure

Back 65

thick protein wall; stain purple

Front 66

what is a gram negative cell wall structure

Back 66

thick protein layer; stain pink

Front 67

energy sources can be either_______ or _______

Back 67

autotrophic, heterotrophic

Front 68

What type of light, and inorganic compounds (prokaryotes)

Back 68

photosynthetic, chemosynthetic

Front 69

What is aerobic

Back 69

metabolize water and oxygen

Front 70

what is obligate anaerobic

Back 70

die if exposed to oxygen

Front 71

what are facultative anaerobes

Back 71

grow in presence or absence of 02

Front 72

what are saptorophs

Back 72

feed on dead organic matter

Front 73

what is asexual cell reproduction

Back 73

divide by binary fission

Front 74

what is sexual cell reproduction (conjugation)

Back 74

cells link via pili and transfer all or part of their chromosomes or plasmids (small loops of DNA)

Front 75

what are plasmids used for

Back 75

used in recombination and cloning techniques

Front 76

explain spore formation

Back 76

the life cycle may include a dormant phase in which bacteria are able to survive unfavourable enviroment

Front 77

(eukaryotes) describe the cytoplasm organelle

Back 77

organelles occur in the cytoplasm or cytosol of the cell bound by the plasma membrane

Front 78

describe endoplasmic reticulum

Back 78

network of transportation tubules from nuclear membrane to plasma membrane

Front 79

Smooth ER enzymes functions in:

Back 79

produce phospholipids and lipids

production of steroid based hormones

detoxification of poisons in the liver

storage of calcium ions in muscles cells

glycogenesis in liver

Front 80

rough ER enzymes has ribosomes on its _________ therefore functions in _________ and ________

Back 80

ribosomes, protein synetesis and transport

Front 81

what are ribosomes composed of

Back 81

2 subunits of DNA and protein. Eukaryotic larger than prokaryotic 80s vs 70s

Front 82

what are lysosomes? what are they used for

Back 82

vesicles of hydrolytic digestive enzymes, digestion of food and destruction of workout organelles or cells

Front 83

what is a golgi apparatus and what is its function

Back 83

flattened sacs, collection packaging, modification, distribution of substances into vesicles (from cis to trans side)

Front 84

who proposed that mitochondria may originated as bacterial cells that became symbiotic with primitive eukaryotic cells based on characteristics

Back 84

lynn margulis

Front 85

describe mitochondria characteristics

Back 85

rod-shaped, similar size to bacteria, possess own DNA hard double membrane, posses own 70s ribosomes.

Front 86

describe mitochondria membrane and function

Back 86

has double membrane, folded inner membrane. (cristae); matrix inside inner membrane. Functions in ATP production-----> powerhouse of cell

Front 87

describe the nucleus

Back 87

bound by double membrane (nuclear envelope)

contains chromosomes-> during interphase in form of chromatin (DNA and histones coiled as nucleosome)

chromosomes made on tightly coiled nucleosomes become visible during mitosis

nucleolus functions in DNA production

Front 88

Chloroplasts are on of three types of _______ found only in ____ cells

Back 88

plastids, plant (chromo, amylo)

Front 89

Describe characteristics of chloroplasts and where they may have come from

Back 89

chloroplasts may have originate as cyanobacteria. double membrane, own circular DNA, 70s ribosomes.

Front 90

what do chloroplasts contain

Back 90

geranium which absorb light and embedded in cytosol-like stroma

Front 91

what is a centrosome

Back 91

pair of centrioles at 180 degrees to each other found in animal cells

Front 92

microtubules are used for construction of

Back 92

cytoskeleton, spindle fibres for mitosis, flagela, cilia

Front 93

what is a vacuole

Back 93

membrane-bound storage organelles formed by golgi apperatus

Front 94

what do vacuoles store?

Back 94

food, toxins, metabolic waste, water

Front 95

what is much larger in plant cells and aids in creating turgor pressure against cellulose and is based in the cell wall

Back 95

vacuoles

Front 96

what stores a lot of starch

Back 96

vacuoles

Front 97

what are some components of a cell wall?

Back 97

protection, support, rigid shape

Front 98

what is an animal cell matrix composed of

Back 98

collagen and glycoproteins used for attachment to other cells or cell product recognition, cell migration direction direction of stem cells etc.

Front 99

what is bacterias extra cellular component (cell wall)

Back 99

peptidoglycan

Front 100

what is fungus extra cellular component (cell wall)

Back 100

chitin-based

Front 101

what is yeasts extra cellular component (cell wall)

Back 101

gluten and mannan

Front 102

what is algae's extra cellular component (cell wall)

Back 102

cellulose

Front 103

what is plant's extra cellular component (cell wall)

Back 103

cellulose

Front 104

what is animals extra cellular component (cell wall)

Back 104

no cell wall; matrix secreted composed of glycoprotein

Front 105

the activities of a living cell depends on the ability of its cell membrane to:

Back 105

-transport raw material into the cell

-transports products and waste out of the cell

-prevents the entry of unwanted matter into the cell

-prevents the escape of the matter needed to perform the cellular functions

Front 106

what did the electron microscope reveal?

Back 106

-the cell membrane is a bilayer made of phospholipids molecules

-phosphate-glycerol head with 2 fatty acid rails

-electric charge of molecule is unevenly distributed, forming polar head and non polar trail

Front 107

what contains a mosaic of different components scattred throughout it (fluid mosaic model)

Back 107

cell membrane

Front 108

what allows animal cell membranes to function in a wide range of temperatures; maintains rigidity at high T and fluid in low T

Back 108

cholesterol

Front 109

what do proteins (integral and peripheral) do

Back 109

transport regocntion and binding sites channels, pimps, adhesion.

Front 110

what must happen in order for the cell to function properly

Back 110

conditions within a cell must remain relatively constant

Front 111

on both sides of the cell membrane water is _______

Back 111

solvent

Front 112

The actives of a living cell depend on the ability of it's cell membrane to:

Back 112

transport raw material into the cell

transport products and waste out of the cell

prevent the entry of unwanted matter into the cell

prevent the escape of the matter needed to preform the cellular function

Front 113

describe phosphate- glycerol

Back 113

head with two fatty acid tails

Front 114

_________ charge of molecule is unevenly distributed forming polar ________ and non-polar ______

Back 114

electric, head, tail

Front 115

the head is __________ and the tail is _________

Back 115

hydrophilic (water loving), hydrophobic

Front 116

how do phospholipids arrange themselves

Back 116

through a combination of attraction and repulsion a film of phospholipids molecules spontaneously arrange themselves into a spherical, cage-like bilayer

Front 117

water attracting polar heads face both the ________ and __________ while the non-polar lipid tails face _________

Back 117

inside and outside, each other

Front 118

the external environment of a protest (such as amoeba) contains:

Back 118

other organisms, decaying organic matter and dissolved gasses

Front 119

what is every cell bathed in in a multicellular organism

Back 119

a layer f extra cellular fluid (ECF) also consisting of a variable mixture of water and dissolved materials

Front 120

define semi-permeable membrane

Back 120

a membrane controlling what can enter and exit; materials move through the cell membrane passively or actively

Front 121

what is a passively permeable membrane

Back 121

due to brownian motion, no energy is expanded by the cell. Diffusion is the moment of molecules from a region where there are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.

Large surface area relative to volume increase

Front 122

what is osmosis

Back 122

the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

Front 123

what is a hyper osmotic solution

Back 123

a solution that has a high concentration of solutes than a hypo-osmotic solution therefore water moves from hypo to hyper-osmotic solutions

Front 124

describe istomic, hypotonic, and hypertonic

Back 124

isotomic: movement in and out of a cell

hypotonic: water moves into cell)

hypertonic: water moves out of cell

Front 125

what does facilitated diffusion allow

Back 125

diffusion of large molecules e.g. glucose

Front 126

what do carrier proteins do

Back 126

change shape allowing passage

Front 127

what do channel proteins do

Back 127

provide H20- filled passages from ions(aq)

Front 128

what does an active semi-permeable membrane do

Back 128

maintain constant internal conditions, some materials must be transported up a concentration gradient, to concentrate nutrients for growth, remove toxic waste etc.

Front 129

what must be kept different from the ECF

Back 129

intercellular environment

Front 130

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Back 130

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