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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Necrotrophs
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Parasitic fungi that gain energy from the living host kill it in the process.
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Saprophytes
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Fungi which utilise food from dead organic matter
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What is biotroph?
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Parasitic fungi that derive food from the living host keeping him alive.
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Chemoheterothrophs
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Are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments.
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Name 5 differences between fungi and plants
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f. are heterothrophs
f. have Filamentous bodies f. have cell wall made of chitin f. have unusuall reproductive modes f. have nuclear mitosis |
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Fungi use ... as a carbon source.
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organic compounds
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Fungi usually synthesise their own ...
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Vitamins
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Hyphae
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Fungal structure, form of slender fillaments, long chains of cells joined end-to-end divided by septa.
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What is septa?
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Cross-walls which divide cells of hyphae in fungi.
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Mycelium
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Mass of connected hyphae.
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Yeasts reproduce in two different ways. Name them.
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Budding and fission.
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What is the only coloured part in fungus?
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Spores.
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What feature is common is fungi and insects?
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They both have chitin in cell walls for protection. If there is no chitin, it is not a fungus; if it has chitin and legs, it is insect :)
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Having a chitin in the structure of fungi results in the high demand of which element?
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Nitrogen.
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Based on sexual reproduction fungal taxonomy divides fungi into 5 (6) phylum. Name them.
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- Chytridiomycetes (water moulds)
- Zygomycetes (pin moulds) - Glomeromycetes (arbuscular fungi) - Ascomycetes (sac-fungi) - Basidiomycetes (mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts etc.) - Deuteromycetes (everything else) |
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Which of fungi phyla has motile spores, flagellated spores?
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Chytridiomycetes.
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Which phyla is considered to be a mycorhizal fungi?
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Glomeromycetes.
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Which phyla of fungi produce sexual spores inside a sack-like cell?
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Ascomycetes.
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Mushrooms and Toadstools are classified under what phylum?
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Basidiomycetes.
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What is the name of asexual spores produced by fungi?
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Conidia.
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How are the sexual spores named?
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By fungi phyla: asco-/ zygo-/ basidiospores.
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Do all fungi produce spores?
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Yes.
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Name 6 mechanisms of fungal spores dispersal.
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Dispersed by:
- Wind - tiny dry spores - Rain - hydrophilic spores - Flies: Phallus impudicus - Shock-waves: puffball fungus - Water splash: Cyathus sp. - Water-pistol: Pilobolus sp. |
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Which is the smallest of the four fungal phyla?
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Chytridiomycetes.
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Which is most primitive fungal phyla?
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Chytridiomycetes.
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Could you name typical species of fungal phylum Chytridiomycetes?
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Allomyces macrogynus.
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Zoospore
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A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion.
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Meiospore
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Spores produced by meiosis; they are thus haploid, and give rise to a haploid daughter cell(s) or a haploid individual.
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What are mitospores?
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Spores produced by mitosis (diploid); they are characteristic of Ascomycetes. Fungi in which only mitospores are found are called “mitosporic fungi” or “anamorphic fungi”
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What are ballistospores.
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Spores that are actively discharged from the body of the fungal fruiting body. Most basidiospores are also ballistospores, and another notable example is spores of Pilobolus.
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Gametothallus
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Haploid form releasing gametes.
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What is sirenin?
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In Allomyces (order Blastocladiales) a pheromone named sirenin, secreted by the female gametes, attracts the male gametes, which swim toward the former and fuse with them.
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Describe male and female gametes of Allomyces.
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Male gametes are orange-colored, while female gametes are colourless.
Female gametes are much larger than male gametes. Males are attracted to females when they produce the hormone sirenin, and females are attracted to males when they produce the hormone parisin. |
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Parisin
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Sexual pheromone released by male gametes of Allomyces to attract female gametes.
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What is the name of the species of anaerobic fungi of class chytridiomycetes which grows in Rumen of cattle helping to digest cellulose and provides sugars to the host?
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Neocallimastix sp.
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What is the name of fungal species of class chytridiomycetes what infect frog skin causing loss of homeostasis?
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Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
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Which fungal class is also known as Pin Moulds?
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Zygomycetes
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Fusion of gametangia of zygomycetes is what type of reproduction sexual or asexual?
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Sexual
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What type of reproduction is more common in zygomycetes sexual or asexual?
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Asexual
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Briefly describe asexual reproduction of zygomycetes.
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Hyphae produce clumps of erect stalks sporangiophores; form sporangia that produce genetically identical haploid spores.
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Name four structural parts of sporangium (asexual reproduction of Zygomycetes).
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Sporangiophore, septum, culumella, sporangiospore.
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Describe homothallic mating type.
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Self fertile.
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Mating type: Heterothallic
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Has different mating types: + and - must mate with a compatible partner of different type.
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Microsporidia
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Primitive zygomycetes that are intracellular parasites (ATP parasites - have no mitochondria, gets ATP from the host).
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Name fungi that have many genetically different nuclei within the same mycelium (With different genes - about 5% difference). They act like a population rather than like a individual.
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Glomeromycetes.
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Endomycorrhizae.
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Fungal hyphae that penetrate outer cells of plant root.
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What is most common type of mycorrhizae?
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Endomycorrhizae.
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Which fungi is the main type that form endomycorrhizae?
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Glomeromycetes.
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Ectomycorrhizae.
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Mycorrhizae, hyphae surround, but do not penetrate, cell walls of plant roots.
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Which type of mycorrhizae is mainly maid by Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes?
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Ectomycorrhizae.
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Describe sexual reproduction of Ascomycetes.
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Sexual reproduction by ascospores: 8 ascospores (or occasionally 4) produced within the ascus (sac). Diploid stage is very short often restricted to a few cells, mostly haploid.
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Ascomycetes have a special structure in their cells for blocking the pores in the septa for preventing of cytoplasm from being lost in case of damage. What are they?
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Woronin bodies.
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Name 3 types of asexual reproduction.
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Budding, fission and fragmentation.
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The sac that contains spores.
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Ascus
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Name four main groups of Ascomycetes.
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- Archiascomycetes (no specialised structure)
- Plectomycetes (ball shaped fruiting body (Cleistothecium) no external opening) - Pyrenomycetes (flask shaped, eith an opening growing from a basal mycelium) - Discomycetes (cup/disc/plate shaped, with a supporting stalk. Asci are poduced in the upper surface) |
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Which are one of the famous edible species of Acsomycetes?
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Truffles.
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What is meant by ''Imperfect fungi''?
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The Fungi imperfecti or imperfect fungi, also known as Deuteromycota, are fungi which do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed; hence the name "imperfect fungi." Only their asexual form of reproduction is known, meaning that this group of fungus produces their spores asexually.
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Associations between algae and ascomycete fungi.
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Lichens
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How fast do lichens grow?
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Only couple of centimetres per year.
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Mycorrhizae
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''Fungus root'' - fungal association with plant roots increasing nutrient intake and drought resistance.
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What are endophytes?
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Grow inside a plant and often produce toxin to deter grazing by herbivores, without causing apparent disease.
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Rusts, stick horns, jelly fungi, puff balls, bracket fungi (grow on trees) are what type of fungi?
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Basidiomycetes.
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Describe Bracket fungi.
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Usually grow out of standing timber of trees. Stripe not always present.
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Describe puffballs, earthstars.
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Spores formed inside the chamber. Released by pressure shock, e.g. rain splash.
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Describe ''puffballs'' of Basidiomycetes.
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Fruiting body of Basidiomycetes. Central cavity has a sponge-like texture, with basidia all over the exposed surfaces. Produces billions of basidiospores. Any distubrance leads to a puff of spores out of fruiting body.
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Which type of fungus smells of rotting flesh to attract flies, can grow through tarmac, and has enough force to lift a person weighting 133 kg?
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Basidiomycetes, Stickhorns.
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Name plant pathogenic fungi.
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Basidiomycete Rusts, smuts and bunts.
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Name fungi that produce spores externally.
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Basidiomycetes.
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What is dikaryotic?
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Describing mycelia in which each segment contains two genetically distinct nuclei. Dikaryosis is common in basidiomycete fungi and results when two monokaryotic mycelia of different mating types fuse.
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Describe processes that happen in typical basidium.
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Nuclei fuse, undergo meiosis giving four nuclei, which migrate into spores - external to the basidium (contains vacuole).
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What is the phenotipic feature that gives you information about poison containing fungus?
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Valva.
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What is the name of the reproductive part of gills of basidiomycete fruiting body?
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Hymenium.
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What is the name of sterile cells of basidiomycete fruiting body that stop the gills from sticking togehter?
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Cystidium.
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What is the reason for basidiomycete fruiting body ability to detect gravity?
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The gills have to hang down to drop spores out. Near-vertical gills maximise spore release.
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If basidiomycete fruiting body does not have gills what structure helps it to release spores?
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Spikes or pores.
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Nutrient acquisition: Describe in couple of words feeding, digestion, nutrients and enzymes of fungi.
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Feeding is by absorption;
Nutrients must be small and soluble; Digestion occurs outside the body; Enzymes are excreted to the external environment to digest polymers to give soluble products that can be absorbed. |
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What substances do fungi recycle (that are locked in the insoluble polymers).
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N, C, S.
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What do fungi 'attack' in animal products like wool, leather, bone?
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Proteins.
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Name the techniques (7) that are used to prevent food spoilage (to protect from fungus).
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Drying;
Low humidity storage; Cooling/refrigeration; Reduced Oxygen/increased CO2; Sterilisation - by heat/UV; Waxes - prevent entry; Fungicides. |
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Name ways fungi can be used in food.
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Fungi themselves as food,
soy sauce, alcohol production, yeast in baking, blue cheeses, sausages/salami. |
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Which fungus causes 50-90% of human deaths?
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Death cap.
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How does sexual reproduction happen?
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Hyphae release pheromones, extend to the source of the opposite type mycelium pheromones. When the hyphae meet they fuse.
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