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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The genetic makeup (genes) of an organism. An example would be: Tt
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Genotype
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A cross showing two traits
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Dihybrid
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The trait that would be masked in the heterozygous form.
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Recessive
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Another way to say that an organism is heterozygous for a trait.
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Hybrid
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Possessing one of each allele (two different alleles) for a trait.
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Heterozygous
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Situation where neither trait is completely dominant over the other (blend)
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Incomplete Dominance
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A cross showing only one trait
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Monohybrid
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Possessing two identical alleles for a trait (TT or tt).
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Homozygous
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Another word for an organism that is homozygous for a trait.
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pure or true-breed
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the trait that is expressed in both homozygous and heterozygous forms if it is present.
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Dominant
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Trait that had multiple variations. Example: Skin color
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Polygenic Trait
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The physical representation (what you can see) of a trait. Example: Blue eyes
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Phenotype
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Situation where both traits compete for dominance.
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Codominance
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who was Gregor Mendel?
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Father of genetics
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Define Probability
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The chances of inheriting a particular trait.
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What is the Law of independent Assortment?
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The traits of the parents are blended to create a new expression.
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What is the Law of Segregation?
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the parent's alleles for a trait separate during the formation of gametes.
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What is the Law of Dominance?
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One allele can mask another.
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In a Dihybrid, how many DIFFERENT allele combinations would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant whose genotype is PpTt?
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4
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Compare and contrast Mitosis and meiosis.
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Mitosis has
-one division -2 diploid daughter cells -identical to parent cells -Asexual reproduction Meiosis has: -2 divisions -4 haploid daughter cells -not identical to parent cells -sexual reproduction |
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having more then two representations of a gene Example: human blood types
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Multiple allele
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Describe crossing over. When in Meiosis would this occur?
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occurs during meiosis 1 as the chromosomes are so close together, that they exchange alleles
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What is the purpose of punnett square?
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to predict inheritance of alleles traits from one generation to another.
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How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
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23
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How many diploids do humans have?
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46
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how many haploids do humans have?
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23
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what would our skin cells be?
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diploid
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what would our gametes be?
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haploid
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what is DNA?
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deoxyribonucleic acid which contains the info required to produce an organism.
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what is the shape of DNA?
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double helix
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where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells?
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In the nucleus
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Nucleic acids are made of many repeating subunits called?
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Nucleotides
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Name all 3 parts of nucleotides
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deoxyribose
phosphate group nitrogenous base |
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DNA is copied during what process?
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DNA replication
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The strands of DNA that are produced contain 1____strand and one______strand.
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original and new
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Replicate this strand of DNA
ACTGGC |
TGACCG
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During translation the nitrogenous bases are read___ at a time.
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3
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Nitrogenous bases subunits are called
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codons
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codons code for a specific _____.
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aminoacid
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What happens during transcription and where does it take place?
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Its when a single strand of RNA is created containing a code of DNA bases and it takes place in the nucleus.
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What happens during Translation and where the hell does it take place?
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its the decoding of an RNA message into a sequence of amino acids of protein and takes place in ribosome
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Whats the function of mRNA?
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carries code of DNA bases used for protein synthesis.
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Whats the function of tRNA?
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Picks up amino acids in cytoplasm and brings it to ribosome
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Whats the function of rRNA?
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produces the enzymes needed to form peptide bonds.
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Mutations that affect a single nucleotide are called______.
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point mutations
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What is the purpose of selective breeding?
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to produce organisms with desired characteristics.
EX: cows that make more milk |
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How many chromosomes does the normal human have?
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23 pairs
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How many chromosomes are autosomes?
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22 pairs
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How many are sex chromosomes?
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1 pair
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what would my sex chromosomes be if i were female?
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XX
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What would my sex chromosomes be if i were male?
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Xy
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Which parent determines the gender of the child?
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Father
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What is the purpose of a karyotype?
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to see the number of chromosomes and identify genetic disorders.
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What does a karyotype show?
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arranged pictures of chromosomes
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What does homologous mean?
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each similar in size and shape
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Where are most sex-linked traits located?
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the X chromosome
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who would you acquire a sex linked disorder from?
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Mother
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Define hybridization.
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a cross between 2 organisms to bring together the best of both
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Are hybrids weaker or stronger then there parents?
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Stronger
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Define genetic engineering
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the process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
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Who the fuck was Charles Darwin?
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First dude to propose theory of evolution.
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What is the name of Charles Darwin's Shitty book?
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the orgin of the species
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Where did most of Darwin's observations occur?
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Galapagos islands
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What adaptation did he study amongst the finches?
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Different beak sizes
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what is the name of Charles theory?
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Theory of Evolution AKA Survival of the fittest.
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The theory of survival of the fittest acts on____.
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phenotypes
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Fossils
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Skeletal remains imprinted into rock showing the changes in organisms over time.
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homologous structures
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similar physical structure but different uses because organisms adapted differently to different stimuli.
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Analogous structures
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Similar function but different physical structure the organism adapted and evolved for similar needs.
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Vestigial Organs
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Organs we dont need anymore cuz we evolved to no longer need them bitches.
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embryology
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study of how organisms develop
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The combined genetic information of all members of a particular population is known as the____
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Gene pool
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Define Speciation
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The process that leads to the formation of a new species
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Speciation requires reproductive isolation. How do you obtain reproductive isolation?
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Behavioral isolation
geographic isolation temporal isolation |
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what was the purpose of Millers and Ureys gay experiment?
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to stimulate the early atmospheres activities
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Define an endosymbiont theory
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larger prokaryote engulfs smaller aerobic bacteria which provides energy, then the big prokaryote gives them protection and the smaller bacteria becomes mitochondria
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What is taxonomy?
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the process of classifying
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By which process do we assign scientific names?
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genus and the species of the organism
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List the rules for writing a scientific name.
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written in italics, genus capitalized, species undercase
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what two kingdoms did Aristotle recognize ?
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animals and plants
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what are the current 6 kingdoms?
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Eubacteria
archaebacteria Protista Fungi plantae animalia |
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list in order from largest to smallest the taxa for classifying organisms.
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Kingdom
phyla class order family genus species King Philip came over for great sex |
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Why aren't viruses considered living?
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not composed of cells and cannot reproduce
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List the two components of a virus?
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DNA or RNA, core surrounded by a capsid, a protein coat
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Compare and contrast the Lytic and the Lysogenic Cycle
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Lytic causes cells to burst while lysogenic remains dormant and reproduces with cells but when triggered will burst just like Lytic
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How do Viruses make us sick?
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by injecting their DNA into your cells
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Circulatory
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heart pumps blood to rest of system arteries carry away and veins carry to heart; its the bodies transport system
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Skeletal
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supports and protects body, forms blood cells; major organs are axial and appendicular skeleton
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Muscular
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causes movments and supports organs
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Respiratory
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Obtaining oxygen and removing C02
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Excretory
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Maintains internal homeostasis and removes toxins: skin
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Digestive
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Converts food into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by body
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Nervous
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controls and coordinates functions and responds to stimuli
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what is a tendon
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connects muscle to bone
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what is a ligament?
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Connects bone to bone
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Describe the process of gas exchange?
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oxygen enters blood stream and carbon dioxide from the blood diffused in the other direction and is exhaled.
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