Biology Final Study Guide

Front 1

liquid molecules stick to the ends of capillaries causing the liquid to jump up and rise.

Back 1

Adhesion

Front 2

a hormone secreted in the adrenal gland that raises blood pressure, produces a rapid heartbeat, and acts as a neurotransmitter when the body is subjected to stress or danger. raises blood pressure, produces a rapid heartbeat

Back 2

Adrenaline

Front 3

this is the continent that human life is thought to have started on

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Africa

Front 4

soil field

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Agri

Front 5

a virus that can be passed through intercourse and results in death

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Aids

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form of gene; one of two or more alternative forms of a gene, occupying the same position (locus) on paired chromosomes and controlling the same inherited characteristic.

Back 6

Allele

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The building blocks of proteins.

Back 7

Amino Acids

Front 8

A substance, such as penicillin or streptomycin, produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or of other microorganisms. They are widely used in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Your doctor gives them to you when you're sick.

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Antibiotics

Front 9

A drug which serves to reduce or eliminate the effects of histamine, allergic reactions, through action at the histamine receptor. Also known as H1-antihistamines.

Back 9

Anti-Histamine

Front 10

the main artery leading out of the left atrium going to the rest of the body.

Back 10

Aorta

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water

Back 11

Aqu-

Front 12

blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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Artery

Front 13

body chamber or cavity: a cavity or chamber of the body, especially one of the upper chambers of the heart that takes blood from the veins and pumps it into a ventricle

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Atrium

Front 14

Very small, single-celled life-forms that can reproduce quickly.

Back 14

Bacteria

Front 15

the main male seal lion of the Galapagos Islands that is entitled to all the female sea lions on the beach

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Beach Master

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ship where Charles Darwin worked as a biologist

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Beagle

Front 17

The valve on the right side of the heart when shut makes the sound

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Biscupid

Front 18

this is a large explosion that happened about 6 billion years ago that created the universe and we are still moving away from the spot of the explosion because of it

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Big Bang

Front 19

A bitter, alkaline, brownish-yellow or greenish-yellow fluid that is secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and discharged into the duodenum and aids in the emulsification, digestion, and absorption of fats.

Back 19

Bile

Front 20

a disease spread by birds, which is in Asia right now and slowly spreading throughout the world.

Back 20

Bird Flu

Front 21

a mass of thickened blood

Back 21

Blood Clot

Front 22

different carbohydrate flags (Examples: A-, B-, AB-, O-, A+, B+, AB+, O+)

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Blood Type

Front 23

bleeding underneath the skin

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Bruise

Front 24

an extremely small blood vessel that connects arterioles and venuoles

Back 24

Capillary

Front 25

Capillary action is a physical effect caused by the interactions of a liquid with the walls of a thin tube. The capillary effect is a function of the ability of the liquid to wet a particular material.

Back 25

Capillary Action

Front 26

the smallest structural unit of an organism that is capable of independent functioning

Back 26

Cell

Front 27

cylindrical organelle, found in pairs arranged at right angles to each other at the centre of a centrosome, found in eukaryotes (except in higher plants). The centrosome organizes formation of a spindle during mitosis or meiosis.

Back 27

Centrioles

Front 28

A complex of nucleic acids and proteins, primarily histones, in the cell nucleus that stains readily with basic dyes and condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.

Back 28

Centromere

Front 29

a food that contains insects and manufactures usually put in more that what they say

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Cereal

Front 30

a coating on the lips that has become addictive to teenage girls

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Chapstick

Front 31

PEA and Dopamine are released from chocolate that's why it is given as a gift of love

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Chocolate

Front 32

these are thought to be the four main components of the universe: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Back 32

CHON

Front 33

the most condensed and constricted region of a chromosome, to which the spindle fiber is attached during mitosis.

Back 33

Chromatin

Front 34

liquid molecules that like to stick together

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Cohesion

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body

Back 35

Corp

Front 36

against

Back 36

Counter

Front 37

through

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Dia

Front 38

when you are attracted to some

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Dialated Pupils

Front 39

Cutting and examining of parts of an animal or plants

Back 39

Dissection

Front 40

Deoxyribonucleic acid is another term for DNA. DNA is our genetic information.

Back 40

DNA

Front 41

DNA replication or DNA synthesis is the process of copying a double-stranded DNA strand in a cell, prior to cell division. In eukaryotes , this is during the S phase of the cell cycle, preceding mitosis and meiosis. The two resulting double strands are identical, and each of them consists of one original and one newly synthesized strand. This is called semi-conservative replication. The process of replication consists of three steps, initiation, elongation and termination. Artificial DNA replication is carried out through polymerase chain reaction

Back 41

DNA Replication

Front 42

when DNA is transferred to a ribosome and replaced with transfer RNA on amino acids.

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DNA Transcription

Front 43

dolphin

Back 43

dog-like mammal

Front 44

a chemical naturally produced in the body. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter, activating dopamine receptors. Dopamine is also a neurohormone released by the hypothalamus. Its main function as a hormone is to inhibit the release of prolactin from the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

Back 44

Dopamine

Front 45

a famous scientist popularized the theory of relativity and E = mc2

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Einstein

Front 46

is round towards the bottom so when a baby is born it has a round head

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female pelvis

Front 47

The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

Back 47

fertilization

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flower

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flor-

Front 49

one of the B vitamins especially important for a woman to take before conception to help prevent neural tube defects in a fetus.

Back 49

Folic Acid

Front 50

this is the famous place that Darwin stopped at on the coast of Ecuador that is home to many exotic species

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Galapagos

Front 51

a group of solar systems together (example: Milky Way)

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Galaxy

Front 52

study of ancestors

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Geneology

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Genetic make up of an organism

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Genotype

Front 54

divided into 4 different chambers: The right atrium, left atrium, the right ventricle and left ventricle. The heart collects and pumps blood. The main purpose of the heart is to pump blood. We have 2 sets of pumps because we have 2 different types of blood cells. The heart changes deoxygenated blood into oxygenated blood.

Back 54

Heart

Front 55

transports oxygen in the red blood cells

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Hemoglobin

Front 56

grass plants

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Herb

Front 57

a virus that revives itself whenever your immune system is weak and forms cold sores

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herpes

Front 58

an amine compound released by cells of the body's immune system in allergic reactions that causes irritation, contraction, stimulation of gastric secretions, and dilation of blood vessels.

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Histamine

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human

Back 59

homo

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storm caused by extreme low pressure situations

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hurricane

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the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents.

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Hybrid

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above

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hyper-

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below

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hypo-

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doesn't allow anything to pass through a membrane

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impermeable

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both alleles are the same because that trait cannot over dominate the other.

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incomplete dominance

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the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms

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Infection

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medical apparatus to help Polio victims breathe

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Iron lung

Front 68

animal that is extinct, but use to be found of the coast of the Galapagos Islands

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Land Iguana

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the only type of cactus that is present in lava and is found in the Galapagos Islands

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Lava Cactus

Front 70

is one of four chambers (two atria and two ventricles ) in the human heart . It receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, and pumps it into this.

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Left Atrium

Front 71

bottom of the left ventricle that pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta into the body to distribute oxygen.

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Left Ventricle

Front 72

the noise that is made by the bicuspid, tricuspid, and semilunar valves of the heart.

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LUB DUB

Front 73

A nearly colorless fluid that bathes body cells and moves through the lymphatic vessel of the body.

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Lymph

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what comes out of a volcano when it erupts

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Magma

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bad

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Mal

Front 76

cell division where cells make exact copies of themselves

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Mitosis

Front 77

a primitive man who has a similar DNA to humans

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Mungo man

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an atom that makes up 78% of air on earth

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Nitrogen

Front 79

eight

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Oct

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The release of an egg from the ovary.

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Ovulation

Front 81

a hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates contractions of the womb during childbirth and triggers the secretion of milk from the breast during nursing.

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Oxytocin

Front 82

an electronic device that is surgically implanted into the patient's heart and chest to regulate heartbeat.

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Pacemaker

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world wide epidemic

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Pandemic

Front 84

a stimulant released during the first periods of a relationship to make you feel head over heels for that person which wears off after you get used to this feeling.

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PEA

Front 85

what an organism looks like

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Phenotype

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the process in green plants and certain other organisms by which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water using light as an energy source

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Photosynthesis

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seaweed

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Phyc-

Front 88

fluid component of blood, the clear yellowish fluid component of blood, lymph, or milk, excluding the suspended corpuscles and cells.

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Plasma

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A small blood cell needed for normal blood clotting.

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Platelet

Front 90

The condition of a woman or female mammal from conception until birth; the condition of being pregnant.

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Pregnancy

Front 91

This is what the oceans were made of before life began on earth. It had everything one needed to live and the original cells lived off of it

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Primitive Soup

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The stage of adolescence in which an individual becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction

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Puberty

Front 93

the rate at which the heart beats; usually measured to obtain a quick evaluation of a person's health

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Pulse

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offspring produced by self fertilization or continual interbreeding

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Pure

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A pale yellow or green fluid found where there is an infection

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Pus

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where there is a lot of salt in the water and you can float

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Red Sea

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Tending to go backward or recede.

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Recessive

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disease that people get from lack of sun and your bones get brittle and because of the lack of sun light

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Ricketts

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is one of four chambers (two atria and two ventricles in the human heart. It receives de-oxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava, and pumps it into the right ventricle.

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Right Atrium

Front 100

pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs and is on the right side of the heart.

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Right ventricle

Front 101

Ribonucleic acid; a polymeric constituent of all living cells and many viruses, consisting of a long, usually single-stranded chain of alternating phosphate and ribose units with the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil bonded to the ribose. The structure and base sequence of RNA are determinants of protein synthesis and the transmission of genetic information.

Back 101

RNA

Front 102

Lizard (bioroot)

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Saur

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write

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Scribe

Front 104

One of a network of achromatic filaments that extend inward from the poles of a dividing cell, forming a spindle-shaped figure.

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Spindle Fibers

Front 105

very big volcanoes that cause a lot of destruction Like the Tobin, and Yellowstone super volcano

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Super Volcano

Front 106

this is a way to classify things or organize things into groups by splitting them in half several times

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Taxonomic Key

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(tendonae chordae) these hold the heart's valves so it can only open one-way

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Tendon Chords

Front 108

the male reproductive organs

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Testes

Front 109

an idea formed by speculation

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Theory

Front 110

this is the volcano that erupted about 60,000 years ago that left the earth in "winter" for several years and killed all life within 100 miles

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Tobin

Front 111

large land turtles that Darwin studied in the Galapagos

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Tortoise

Front 112

the windpipe

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Trachea

Front 113

to transfer an organ or tissue from one body to another, or from one place in somebody's body to another

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Transplant

Front 114

left outer valve that makes the first heart sounds

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Tricuspid

Front 115

British model that started thinness craze.

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Twiggy

Front 116

closable flap in an organ, a membranous structure in a hollow organ or vessel such as the heart or a vein that prevents the return flow of fluid passing through it by folding or closing

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Valve

Front 117

Abnormally swollen or knotted veins, relating to the destruction of the valves inside

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Varicose

Front 118

any of the blood vessels that carry blood to the heart. All carry oxygen-depleted blood, except the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Back 118

Vein

Front 119

vein carrying de-oxygenated blood to the heart

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Vena Cava

Front 120

thick-walled lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart

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Ventricle

Front 121

This is the fleshly, wrinkled fold of skin that hangs from the neck of a turkey

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Wattle

Front 122

the air moving

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Wind

Front 123

the DNA chunk that makes a man a man

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Y-Chromosomes

Front 124

a national park in Wyoming that was established to help preserve the land

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Yellow Stone National Park

Front 125

fertilized egg

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Zygote

Front 126

Explain the heart of a fetus

Back 126

There is a blood vessel called the arterial duct that is found in babies before they’re born.
The arterial duct connects the aorta and pulmonary artery.
It is the dividing wall between the right and left interatrial septum. The interventricular septum is between the right and left ventricles.
The foramen ovule is a hole between the right and lefts artias of the heart.
The blood coming into the heart doesn’t need to go the lungs in a fetus so the blood goes directly to the body.
The body enters the heart through the vena cava and goes to the right atrium and through the bicuspid valve, then through the pulmonary semilunar. From there the blood goes through the pulmonary artery and from there directly through the arterial and into the aorta. From the aorta the blood goes to the body and then begins the process again.

Front 127

Explain the symptoms of an infection

Back 127

When you get an infection, the chemical histamine is released.
Histamine does three things: makes arteries bigger in that area, capillaries open their holes in walls to make them bigger so more fluid leaks, and it attracts white blood cells. So, when you get an infection, the area where the infection is gets red, warm and swells because of the histamine. If there’s more fluid, there’s more pressure in the nerves which makes them sensitive and causes more pain. Pain helps you not do something so you don’t re-injure yourself. The more white cells, the better you can fight off the infection.

Front 128

What happens when you stay still?

Back 128

Movement of the body circulates blood back to the heart, because the heart only has enough strength to push the blood half way.
When you stay still for too long the blood doesn’t go back to your heart because gravity is pulling it down. When you’re standing without moving for to long you body will tell you to fall down and if you don’t it will for you automatically…fainting.
Fainting makes you fall horizontally on the floor which allows the blood to flow back into your brain, since gravity was pulling the blood down.
A work man at a cashier stands all day with little movement, blood gathers at the feet, then the feet swell, so they put their feet up to get the blood away from the feet.
Put shoes at time your going to wear them because in the morning your feet are smaller since you’ve been sleeping horizontally all night, in the evening you have been standing up all day there for all the blood is in your feet causing them to be bigger.

Front 129

Explain Capillary Action

Back 129

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels
The vessels are so small that blood cells have to turn to a side to go through – with that, it creates friction
Capillary action: pushes blood through the capillaries making the blood cells go through
The heart looses force when blood gets to capillary but the force isn’t strong enough to push the blood through the capillaries back to the heart because of so much friction
Think of straw diagram (thick vs. thin straw) also think about clothing tube with food coloring (the smaller the tube, the higher the liquid goes up)

Front 130

draw a diagram of what onion root mitosis looks like under a microscope

Back 130

Interphase --> Prophase --> Metaphase --> Anaphase --> Telephase

Front 131

When you have a fever, what temperature are bacteria comfortable at? At what temperature should you start taking care of a fever and which should you not? Why?

Back 131

Bacteria are comfortable at 98.6o (your regular body temperature), once your temperature reaches 104-105o you should start fighting off the fever but anything under that should be left alone so the body can get rid of the bacteria by itself. Your parents really should not try to lower your fever when you are sick but they want the pain to go away.

Front 132

Cause of eye dilation and how it effects social interactions

Back 132

1. Stores and parties dimming lights
When you see something that’s scary or you’re attracted to or something your interested in your eyes dilate…eyes dilate with dim lights…feel friendlier…when you meet a guy for the first time if he thinks you’re pretty eyes will dilate...dark eyes are mysterious because you cant tell when they dilate…

Front 133

Explain what allergies are, how you get them, and how antihistamine can fight them off.

Back 133

When you are allergic to dust and you are near dust or working with dust, your body will start to leak in places where dust can reach, such as eyes, nose (that’s why we have runny eyes and noses). The histamine changes the permeability of the capillaries causing them to leak. Antihistamine the leakage will reduce.
Why would there be an evolutionary advantage to having kids be different? We want a lot of variation among humans so some humans have right combinations in order to survive the changes of a future environment…better to have different kids in hopes that some will be pre-adapted to future environment- ex. Britney Spears and Jessica Simpson only people on earth (millions of Britney Spears and Jessica Simpsons) chances of them getting disease or not surviving are very likely opposed to having different kids

Front 134

How a cell is like a movie theater (5 examples)

Back 134

Food vacoule like a concession stand
Carbohydrate flags are like the tickets.
Corndog is like the guy who checks for tickets.
Chromosomes like the boys and girls.
Waste vacuole is like the bathroom.