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83 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Cell cycle phrases in order
G1
S
G2
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telphase
Cytokinesis
How do haploid cells differ from diploid cells?
Haploid: Cells that have half of the number of chromosomes (gametes)
Diploid: Cell from each of the parents
Where are haploid and diploid cells found?
Haploid: Gametes
Diploid: Everywhere
What is the purpose of mitosis?
Growth, repair, and maintenance
What does the cell nucleus look like during each cell phase (including interphase)?
Prophase: DNA is starting to get into chromosomes
Metphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle
Anaphase: Chromosomes being pulled to either side of the cell
Telophase: Cell starts dividing
Describe the relationship between mitosis and the genetics of new cells
All cells are the same (DNA-wise)
What does a chromosome look like after the S phase of the cell cycle?
In it's chromosome shape
What are all the ways that new genetic combinations occur in living organisms?
(2 things)
Crossing over
Gametes
What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis: Two cells and 46 chromosomes
Meiosis: Four cells and 23 chromsomes
What is "crossing over"? When does it occur?
Chromosomes wrap around each other. They wrap so tightly that they break, and are repaired, but repaired to the opposite chromosome.
Happens during meiosis
How does cell division in plants differ from cell division in other organisms?
Plans have a cells wall; have to make the wall in the middle
Where does plant growth occur in plants?
Meristems: bud, tips, edges, or stems
Vascular cambium in xylem and phloem
Define homologous chromosomes
Same chromosomes
How many chromosomes are found in human cells and gametes?
46 and 23
How do men and women differ chromosomally?
Women: XX
Men: XY
Define allele
A form of a trait; variations of traits
Define gene
DNA that codes for a protein
List the factors that influence human inheritance
Dilution genes: blocks pigment
Hormones
Define P1, F1, and F2 generations
P1: Parents; first generation
F1: First generation of offspring
F2: Second generation of offspring
How does a geneticisit display several generations of a family?
Pedigree
Define linked genes
Genes in which it is unlikely that they will be separated by crossing over
How is blood type inherited?
By either a dominant A or B (even AB) genes, or two recessive OO genes
Define homozygous and heterozygous. How are they represented in genetic shorthand?
Homozygous: Two dominant genes
Heterozygous: One dominant gene and one recessive gene
How are genotypic rations obtained and calculated?
Based off of what is actually inherited gene-wise
How are phenotypic ratios obtained and calculated?
What is seen
How is skin color in humans inherited?
Mismatch of dominant and recessive genes
How does a disease show up in a family when no one else in the family has it?
Carries passed it onto the offspring
Mutation
How are sex-linked disorders inherited?
Carriers passed it on to the offspring
Why is the chance of having a boy or girl equal?
Sperm has a fifty/fifty chance of being an X or Y
What are the components of a cell nucleus? Arranged by size?
Chromosomes, DNA, genes
What are all the parts of a DNA molecule?
Guamine
Cytosine
Thymine
Admine
Sugar phosphate back bone
What are the base pairings of DNA?
Cytosine to Guamine
Admine to Thymine
Franklin?
Discovered the shape of DNA using x-rays
Watson?
Created the first successful model of DNA with Crick
Chargaff?
Analyzed DNA; analyzed its base pairs and chemistry
Avery?
Discovered DNA when trying to figure out how cells interact
Griffith?
Discovered that cells interact
Crick?
Created the first successful model of DNA with Watson
How do DNA and RNA differ from each other?
DNA is found in the nucleus and is double stranded
RNA is single stranded, uses uracil instead of thymine, takes multiple forms, and is found anywhere in the cell
What happens during transcription?
DNA is copied and edited into RNA
What are nucleotide triplets called?
Codons
What happens during the process of translation?
mRNA is read and tRNA assembles the protein
What are the major ideas that Darwin stated in his theory of Natural Selection?
(4 things)
Variation in population
Competition
There are winners and losers
Winner reproduce
What did Darwin conclude when he compared animals on the Galapagos to those of the mainland of South America?
They were incredibly similar to those on the mainland, but they had specialized to be able to survive on the island
Define natural selection
Survival of the fittest
How is a new species formed and what is the process called?
Speciation
A species splits, and eventually after many mutations and natural selection, the species can no longer reproduce, making it two species
Explain artificial selection
Humans select each generation to make into a better species
What are the types of evidence that scientists cite in support of the theory of evolution?
(5 things)
Fossils
Homologies
Embryos
Vestigial organs
DNA
What is true about member of a species?
They can breed and make fertile offspring
What are the classification taxns in order from Domain to species
(7 things)
Kingdom
Phylem
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Why do people use scientific names instead of "common" names?
It's specific and universal
How is a scientific name written?
Genus species
Must be in Latin
What are the orientation points?
Anterior - head
Posterior - tail
Dorsal - top
Ventral - bottom
What are the types of symmetry?
(5 things)
Radial - none
Bilateral - symmetrical
Bivalves - two shells
Gastropod
Cephalopods
What are the major groups of mollusks?
(4 groups)
Gastropods (snails and slugs)
Bivalves (oysters and clams)
Cephalopods (octopuses and squids)
Chitins
List the phyla that contain worms
(3 things)
Flatworms
Roundworms
Segmented worms
What are the main classes of arthropods
(2 classes)
Jaws - (arachnids)
No jaws - (insects, crustaceans)
What are the major parts of an arthropod body
(3 things)
Head
Separate thorax
Abdomen
List arthropod appendages and their functions
Wings
Legs
Antennae
What are the pros and cons of having an exoskeleton
(4 pros, 3 cons)
Pros: support, protection, prevention of dehydration
sites for muscle attachment
Cons: body outgrows skeleton, vulnerable during shedding, limits size
Why are invertebrates important
Provide food for A LOT of animals
Are decomposers
What are the reproductive parts of flowers
Male: stamen, anther
Female: pistil, ovary
How do cniderians capture their pray
Poison: stinging cells
How can you recognize a vertebrate
Are arranged into four different parts
Backbone
Which is the largest animal group
Arthropods: insects
Define endotherm and ectotherm
Endotherm: Warm-blooded, mammal
Ectotherm: Cold-blooded, reptilian
How would distinguish the three groups of fish listed in class
Jawless fish
Cartilages fish
Bony fish
Major facts about amphibians
Start off as tadpoles with singe looped circulatory system, gills, and two chamber heart
As a frog then have two looped circulatory system, lungs, and three chamber heart
Major facts about reptiles
Cold-blooded and scales
Major facts about birds
Warm-blooded
Feathered
Wings
What does an amniote egg look like
Food on the inside
Embryo on the inside
Compare and contrast the three types of mammals
Primitive (lay eggs)
Marsupials (birth prematurely)
Placental (full term)
What are the major plant tissues and their functions
(4 things)
Epidermal - Waxy, air holes
Storage
Transport - Food (phloem), water (xylem)
Meristem - Growth
Cells _ _ organ systems _
Tissue
Organ

Organism
What are the parts of the cardiovascular system and their functions
(6 things)
Central heart
Artery
Veins
Capillaries
Matrium
Ventricles
What are the functions of the digestive system
Mechanically breaks food into smaller pieces
Chemically breaks food into proteins
What are the parts of the nervous system
(2 things)
Big / little brains
Spine
What does skin consist of and what does it do
(4 things)
Cells that make new cells
Oil glands
Sweat glands
Hair / fur / feathers
What are the working parts of the immune system
(2 things)
Unbroken skin
Antibodies (white skin cells)
Major products of the endocrine system and their functions
Anything that makes hormones
What are the parts of the excretory system and their functions
Kidneys (get rid of nitrogen)
Skin (gets rid of salt and water)
Lungs (CO2)
What are the scientific names given to male and females gametes
Sperm and eggs / ova
What is biology?
Study of life