Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell cycle phrases in order
|
G1
S G2 Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telphase Cytokinesis |
|
How do haploid cells differ from diploid cells?
|
Haploid: Cells that have half of the number of chromosomes (gametes)
Diploid: Cell from each of the parents |
|
Where are haploid and diploid cells found?
|
Haploid: Gametes
Diploid: Everywhere |
|
What is the purpose of mitosis?
|
Growth, repair, and maintenance
|
|
What does the cell nucleus look like during each cell phase (including interphase)?
|
Prophase: DNA is starting to get into chromosomes
Metphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle Anaphase: Chromosomes being pulled to either side of the cell Telophase: Cell starts dividing |
|
Describe the relationship between mitosis and the genetics of new cells
|
All cells are the same (DNA-wise)
|
|
What does a chromosome look like after the S phase of the cell cycle?
|
In it's chromosome shape
|
|
What are all the ways that new genetic combinations occur in living organisms?
(2 things) |
Crossing over
Gametes |
|
What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?
|
Mitosis: Two cells and 46 chromosomes
Meiosis: Four cells and 23 chromsomes |
|
What is "crossing over"? When does it occur?
|
Chromosomes wrap around each other. They wrap so tightly that they break, and are repaired, but repaired to the opposite chromosome.
Happens during meiosis |
|
How does cell division in plants differ from cell division in other organisms?
|
Plans have a cells wall; have to make the wall in the middle
|
|
Where does plant growth occur in plants?
|
Meristems: bud, tips, edges, or stems
Vascular cambium in xylem and phloem |
|
Define homologous chromosomes
|
Same chromosomes
|
|
How many chromosomes are found in human cells and gametes?
|
46 and 23
|
|
How do men and women differ chromosomally?
|
Women: XX
Men: XY |
|
Define allele
|
A form of a trait; variations of traits
|
|
Define gene
|
DNA that codes for a protein
|
|
List the factors that influence human inheritance
|
Dilution genes: blocks pigment
Hormones |
|
Define P1, F1, and F2 generations
|
P1: Parents; first generation
F1: First generation of offspring F2: Second generation of offspring |
|
How does a geneticisit display several generations of a family?
|
Pedigree
|
|
Define linked genes
|
Genes in which it is unlikely that they will be separated by crossing over
|
|
How is blood type inherited?
|
By either a dominant A or B (even AB) genes, or two recessive OO genes
|
|
Define homozygous and heterozygous. How are they represented in genetic shorthand?
|
Homozygous: Two dominant genes
Heterozygous: One dominant gene and one recessive gene |
|
How are genotypic rations obtained and calculated?
|
Based off of what is actually inherited gene-wise
|
|
How are phenotypic ratios obtained and calculated?
|
What is seen
|
|
How is skin color in humans inherited?
|
Mismatch of dominant and recessive genes
|
|
How does a disease show up in a family when no one else in the family has it?
|
Carries passed it onto the offspring
Mutation |
|
How are sex-linked disorders inherited?
|
Carriers passed it on to the offspring
|
|
Why is the chance of having a boy or girl equal?
|
Sperm has a fifty/fifty chance of being an X or Y
|
|
What are the components of a cell nucleus? Arranged by size?
|
Chromosomes, DNA, genes
|
|
What are all the parts of a DNA molecule?
|
Guamine
Cytosine Thymine Admine Sugar phosphate back bone |
|
What are the base pairings of DNA?
|
Cytosine to Guamine
Admine to Thymine |
|
Franklin?
|
Discovered the shape of DNA using x-rays
|
|
Watson?
|
Created the first successful model of DNA with Crick
|
|
Chargaff?
|
Analyzed DNA; analyzed its base pairs and chemistry
|
|
Avery?
|
Discovered DNA when trying to figure out how cells interact
|
|
Griffith?
|
Discovered that cells interact
|
|
Crick?
|
Created the first successful model of DNA with Watson
|
|
How do DNA and RNA differ from each other?
|
DNA is found in the nucleus and is double stranded
RNA is single stranded, uses uracil instead of thymine, takes multiple forms, and is found anywhere in the cell |
|
What happens during transcription?
|
DNA is copied and edited into RNA
|
|
What are nucleotide triplets called?
|
Codons
|
|
What happens during the process of translation?
|
mRNA is read and tRNA assembles the protein
|
|
What are the major ideas that Darwin stated in his theory of Natural Selection?
(4 things) |
Variation in population
Competition There are winners and losers Winner reproduce |
|
What did Darwin conclude when he compared animals on the Galapagos to those of the mainland of South America?
|
They were incredibly similar to those on the mainland, but they had specialized to be able to survive on the island
|
|
Define natural selection
|
Survival of the fittest
|
|
How is a new species formed and what is the process called?
|
Speciation
A species splits, and eventually after many mutations and natural selection, the species can no longer reproduce, making it two species |
|
Explain artificial selection
|
Humans select each generation to make into a better species
|
|
What are the types of evidence that scientists cite in support of the theory of evolution?
(5 things) |
Fossils
Homologies Embryos Vestigial organs DNA |
|
What is true about member of a species?
|
They can breed and make fertile offspring
|
|
What are the classification taxns in order from Domain to species
(7 things) |
Kingdom
Phylem Class Order Family Genus Species |
|
Why do people use scientific names instead of "common" names?
|
It's specific and universal
|
|
How is a scientific name written?
|
Genus species
Must be in Latin |
|
What are the orientation points?
|
Anterior - head
Posterior - tail Dorsal - top Ventral - bottom |
|
What are the types of symmetry?
(5 things) |
Radial - none
Bilateral - symmetrical Bivalves - two shells Gastropod Cephalopods |
|
What are the major groups of mollusks?
(4 groups) |
Gastropods (snails and slugs)
Bivalves (oysters and clams) Cephalopods (octopuses and squids) Chitins |
|
List the phyla that contain worms
(3 things) |
Flatworms
Roundworms Segmented worms |
|
What are the main classes of arthropods
(2 classes) |
Jaws - (arachnids)
No jaws - (insects, crustaceans) |
|
What are the major parts of an arthropod body
(3 things) |
Head
Separate thorax Abdomen |
|
List arthropod appendages and their functions
|
Wings
Legs Antennae |
|
What are the pros and cons of having an exoskeleton
(4 pros, 3 cons) |
Pros: support, protection, prevention of dehydration
sites for muscle attachment Cons: body outgrows skeleton, vulnerable during shedding, limits size |
|
Why are invertebrates important
|
Provide food for A LOT of animals
Are decomposers |
|
What are the reproductive parts of flowers
|
Male: stamen, anther
Female: pistil, ovary |
|
How do cniderians capture their pray
|
Poison: stinging cells
|
|
How can you recognize a vertebrate
|
Are arranged into four different parts
Backbone |
|
Which is the largest animal group
|
Arthropods: insects
|
|
Define endotherm and ectotherm
|
Endotherm: Warm-blooded, mammal
Ectotherm: Cold-blooded, reptilian |
|
How would distinguish the three groups of fish listed in class
|
Jawless fish
Cartilages fish Bony fish |
|
Major facts about amphibians
|
Start off as tadpoles with singe looped circulatory system, gills, and two chamber heart
As a frog then have two looped circulatory system, lungs, and three chamber heart |
|
Major facts about reptiles
|
Cold-blooded and scales
|
|
Major facts about birds
|
Warm-blooded
Feathered Wings |
|
What does an amniote egg look like
|
Food on the inside
Embryo on the inside |
|
Compare and contrast the three types of mammals
|
Primitive (lay eggs)
Marsupials (birth prematurely) Placental (full term) |
|
What are the major plant tissues and their functions
(4 things) |
Epidermal - Waxy, air holes
Storage Transport - Food (phloem), water (xylem) Meristem - Growth |
|
Cells _ _ organ systems _
|
Tissue
Organ Organism |
|
What are the parts of the cardiovascular system and their functions
(6 things) |
Central heart
Artery Veins Capillaries Matrium Ventricles |
|
What are the functions of the digestive system
|
Mechanically breaks food into smaller pieces
Chemically breaks food into proteins |
|
What are the parts of the nervous system
(2 things) |
Big / little brains
Spine |
|
What does skin consist of and what does it do
(4 things) |
Cells that make new cells
Oil glands Sweat glands Hair / fur / feathers |
|
What are the working parts of the immune system
(2 things) |
Unbroken skin
Antibodies (white skin cells) |
|
Major products of the endocrine system and their functions
|
Anything that makes hormones
|
|
What are the parts of the excretory system and their functions
|
Kidneys (get rid of nitrogen)
Skin (gets rid of salt and water) Lungs (CO2) |
|
What are the scientific names given to male and females gametes
|
Sperm and eggs / ova
|
|
What is biology?
|
Study of life
|