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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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DNA
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hereditary information in the form of a large molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid
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nucleic acid
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RNA
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primary transcription enzyme
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nucleic acid
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Replication
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the process by which DNA copies itself during interphase
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protein synthesis
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Transcription
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the process in which RNA is made from DNA
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protein synthesis
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Translation
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the process of converting the genetic code in RNA into the amino
acid sequence that makes up a protein |
protein synthesis
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DNA Polymerase
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an enzyme that binds to the separated strands of DNA and
assembles each strand’s complement in replication |
Protein Synthesis
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amino acid
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a carboxylic acid with an amino group; one of 20 monomers that
form proteins |
protein synthesis
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complementary strand
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the strand containing the anti codons opposite to the codons on RNA
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Protein Synthesis
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adenine,guanine,cytosine,
thymine |
nitrogen-containing bases that are a component of a nucleotide
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Base Pairing
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uracil
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a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA
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Base Pairing
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codon
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a group of three sequential nitrogen bases of an mRNA molecule
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base pairing
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anticodon
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a region of tRNA consisting of three bases complementary to the
codon of mRNA |
base pairing
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recombinant DNA
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a DNA segment from at least two different organisms
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Genetic Engineering
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plasmids
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a single ring of extrachromosomal DNA in bacteria
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genetic engineering
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cloning vectors
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a carrier used to clone a gene and transfer it from one organism
to another |
genetic engineering
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restriction enzymes
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a protein that recognizes specific sequences in a DNA
molecule and cuts it into pieces |
genetic engineering
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sticky ends
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the single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA fragment that can
form base pairs with another sticky end of a DNA fragment cut by the same enzyme |
genetic engineering
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gel electrophoresis
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technique used to separate nucleic acids or proteins by size
and charge |
genetic engineering
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karyotype
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a picture of an individual’s chromosomes
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genetic engineering
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chromosomal map
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a diagram of allele positions on a chromosome
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genetic engineering
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mutagen
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an environmental factor that damages DNA
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mutations
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point mutations
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the change of a single nitrogen-containing base within a codon
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mutations
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nondisjunction
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the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during
meiosis or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis |
mutations
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monosomy
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a condition in a diploid cell in which one chromosome of one pair is
missing as a result of nondisjunction during meiosis |
mutations
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frame shift
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a mutation that results in the misreading of the code
during translation because of a change in the reading frame |
mutations
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translocation
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a mutation in which a broken piece of chromosome attaches to a
nonhomologous chromosome; movement of organic molecules in plant tissues |
mutation
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competition
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fighting for food, territory, mates, etc.
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Natural Selection
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survival of the fittest
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Darwin's theory of how organisms with selective traits survive
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natural selection
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acquired traits
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traits recieved from hereditary information
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natural selection
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overpopulation
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too many organisms for amount of resources needed to survive
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natural selection
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emigration
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the movement of individuals out of a population
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genetic equilibrium
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immigration
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the movement of individuals into a population
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genetic equilibrium
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genetic drift
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a shift in allele frequencies in a population due to chance
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genetic equilibrium
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speciation
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the formation of a new species
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genetic equilibrium
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gene pool
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all the genes for all of the traits in a population
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genetic equilibrium
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gene flow
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the movement of genes into or out of a population
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genetic equilibrium
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coevolution
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the mutual evolution of two different species interacting with each
other |
patterns of evo
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divergent evolution
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the process of two or more related species becoming more
and more dissimilar |
patterns of evo
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convergent evolution
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the process by which unrelated species become more
similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment |
patterns of evo
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adaptive radiation
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an evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from
a single ancestral species |
patterns of evo
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homologous
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chromosome one of a pair of morphologically similar
chromosomes OR similar features that originated in a shared ancestor |
structures
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analogous
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in evolution, structures in more than one organism that
have similar appearance and function, but different embryological origin |
structure
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vestigial
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referring to a functionless structure that was functional in an ancestral
species |
structure
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disruptive
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a type of natural selection in which individuals with two
extreme forms of a trait have an advantage |
natural selection
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stabilizing
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a type of natural selection in which the average form of a
trait causes an organism to have an advantage in reproduction |
natural selection
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sexual
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the preferential choice of a mate based on a specific
phenotypic trait |
natural selection
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kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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just flip:
I always remember.. King Philip clings on favorite girl scouts ;) |
classification
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cyanobacteria
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photosynthetic unicellular prokaryotes
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organisms
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phylogeny
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the evolutionary history of a species or taxonomic group
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classification
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morphology
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the study of the internal and external structure and form of an
organism |
classification
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domains
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in the three-domain system of classification, one of three broad groups
that all living things fall into on the basis of rRNA analysis |
classification
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HIV
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Viruses
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reverse transcriptase
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an enzyme that makes DNA from an RNA template
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viruses
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retrovirus
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a virus, such as HIV, that contains RNA and reverse transcriptase
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viruses
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bacteriophage
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a virus that infects bacteria
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viruses
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pathogens
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an organism that causes disease
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viruses
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vaccines
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a solution containing a harmless version of a virus, bacterium, or toxin
that causes an immune response when introduced to the body |
viruses
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lytic cycle
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the replication process of viruses that results in the destruction of the
host cell |
viruses
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lysogenic cycle
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the replication process of viruses that allows the virus to live in the host for a long time
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viruses
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helper t cells
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a type of T cell that coordinates the immune response
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cell mediated immunity
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memory t cells
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a specialized white blood cell that protects the body from
reinfection by a specific pathogen |
cell mediated immunity
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cytotoxic t cells
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a type of T cell that destroys infected body cells
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cell mediated immunity
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macrophages
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a large white blood cell that engulfs pathogens and cellular debris
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cell mediated immunity
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suppressor t cells
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a type of T cell that shuts down the immune response after
the pathogen has been eliminated |
cell mediated immunity
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b cells
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a lymphocyte that produces antibodies in response to antigens
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humorial immunity
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plasma cells
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a differentiated B cell that produces antibodies and secretes them
into the blood |
humorial immunity
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antibiotics
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a chemical that can inhibit the growth of some bacteria
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humorial immunity
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antigen
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a substance that stimulates an immune response
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humorial immunity
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histamines
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a kind of cytokine that causes an inflammatory response to an injury
resulting in redness, swelling, warmth, and pain |
allergies
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antihistamines
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suppresses the bodies portection of histamines
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allergies
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allergens
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a usually harmless antigen in the environment that is capable of
inducing an allergic reaction |
allergies
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inflammatory response
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a response in which white blood cells engulf foreign
substances and body temperature rises |
nonspecific responses
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phagocytes
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a cell that engages in phagocytosis
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nonspecific responses
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phagocytosis
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a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or
whole cells |
nonspecific responses
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interferon
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a protein produced by the body that inhibits the reproduction of
viruses |
nonspecific responses
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chemotropic
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plant growth in response to a chemical
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plants
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heterotrophic
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an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other
organisms or their by-products |
diseases
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photosynthetic
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the conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in
organic compounds |
plants
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saprophyte
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an organism that feeds on dead organic material
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disease
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parasitic
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an organism that obtains its nutrition at the expense of another
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disease
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symbiotic
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the relationship between different species living in close association
with one another |
disease
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mutualistic
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a form of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit from living
together |
disease
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conjugation
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the union of two protists to exchange genetic material
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bacteria
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gram stain
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a series of dyes that stain bacteria either purple or pink according
to the chemistry of the bacterial cell wall |
bacteria
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pili
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an appendage that bacteria use to attach to objects
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bacteria
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flagella
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a hairlike structure made up of microtubules that function in
locomotion |
bacteria
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cysts
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a resistant, thick-walled structure that encloses and protects a dormant
organism |
protists
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eyespots
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a localized region of pigment in some invertebrates and protozoa that
detects changes in the quantity and quality of light |
protists
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vacuoles
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a fluid-filled organelle that stores enzymes or metabolic wastes in a
plant cell |
protists
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psuedopodia
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a retractile, temporary cytoplasmic extension that functions in
movement in certain ameboid organisms |
protists
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macronucleus
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in Paramecia, the larger of the two types of nuclei
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protists
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micronucleus
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in Paramecia, the smaller of the two nuclei; involved in sexual
reproduction |
protists
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bilateral symmetry
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in animals, a body plan in which the left and right sides
mirror each other |
animal bodies
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radial symmetry
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in animals, an arrangement of body parts around a central
axis |
animal bodies
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no symmetry
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randomness to the max (my def)
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animal bodies
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dorsal
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the top of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
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animal bodies
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ventral
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the bottom of a bilaterally symmetrical animal
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animal bodies
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anterior
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the front end of a bilaterally symmetrical organism
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animal bodies
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posterior
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the back end of a bilaterally symmetrical organism
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animal bodies
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metamorphosis
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a major change in form that occurs as a larval animal develops
into an adult |
metamorphosis
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larva
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an immature form of an organism that is morphologically distinct from
that of an adult |
metamporphosis
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nymph
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an immature form of an insect
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metamorphosis
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chrysalis
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the outer covering of a butterfly pupa
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metamorphosis
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cephalization
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concentration of nerve tissue and sensory organs at the anterior
end of an organism |
metamorphosis
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segmentation
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division of a body into units
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metamorphosis
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dorsal nerve cord
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a neural tube dorsal to the notochord
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metamorphosis
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fertilization
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joining of male and female genetic data
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metamorphosis
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zygote
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the diploid cell that results from the fusion of gametes
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metamorphosis
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meiosis
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the process of nuclear division that reduces the number of
chromosomes in a cell by half |
metamorphosis
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gastrulation
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the cup-shaped embryo formed as the blastula folds inward
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metamorphosis
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cleavage
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the divisions of the zygote immediately following fertilization
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metamorphosis
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endoderm
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the innermost of the three germ layers of the gastrula; develops into
the epithelium of the pharynx, respiratory tract, digestive tract, bladder, and urethra |
germ layers
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mesoderm
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a layer of cells in the gastrula that gives rise to muscles and to
interior body linings |
germ layers
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ectoderm
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the outermost of the three germ layers of the gastrula that develops
into the epidermis and epidermal tissues, the nervous system, external sense organs, and the mucous membranes lining the mouth and anus |
germ layers
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deuterostome
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an organism in which the blastopore develops into the anus and
the coelom arises by enterocoely and whose embryo has indeterminate cleavage |
metamorphosis
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exoskeleton
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the hard external covering of some invertebrates that provides
protection and support |
metamorphosis
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endoskeleton
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an internal skeleton
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metamorphosis
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gemmules
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an asexual reproductive structure produced by some freshwater
sponges |
invertebrates
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sessiles
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referring to an organism that attaches firmly to a surface and does not
move |
invertebrates
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spicules
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one of the small, spike-shaped particles of calcium carbonate or silicon
dioxide that make up the skeleton of some sponges |
invertebrates
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gastrovascular cavity
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a digestive chamber with a single opening found in
cnidarians, ctenophores, and flatworms |
invertebrates
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nerve net
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a diffuse web of interconnected nerve cells in the nervous system of
cnidarians |
invertebrates
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tentacle
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a flexible appendage with which an animal feels its environment or
grasps objects |
invertebrates
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radula
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a rough, tonguelike structure used in feeding by many mollusks
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invertebrates
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mantle
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the epidermal layer of mollusks
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invertebrates
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gills
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an organ specialized for the exchange of gases with water
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invertebrates
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gizzard
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a muscular region of the digestive tract in birds that crushes food
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invertebrates
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setae
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one of the external bristles on annelids
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invertebrates
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nephridia
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tubule through which some invertebrates eliminate wastes
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invertebrates
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clitellum
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a noticeable swelling around the sex organs of an earthworm during
reproduction |
invertebrates
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aorta
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the largest artery in the human body; carries blood from the left ventricle
to systemic circulation |
circulatory
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superior vena cava
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the large vein carrying blood from the upper part of the
body |
circulatory
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inferior vena cava
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the large vein carrying blood from the lower part of the
body |
circulatory
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coronary sirculation
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a subsystem of systemic circulation that supplies blood
to the heart |
circulatory
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pulmonary circulation
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the movement of blood between the heart and the
lungs |
circulatory
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ventricles
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a lower, and the most muscular, chamber of the heart
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circulatory
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stomach
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an organ that prepares food for absorption by both physical and
chemical activities |
digestive system
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large intestine
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an organ of digestion in which water is reabsorbed
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digestive system
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colon
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the large intestine
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digestive system
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small intestine
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smaller part of intestines that is part of the digestive system
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digestive system
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duodenum
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the first section of the small intestine
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digestive system
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pepsin
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digestive enzyme of the stomach
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digestive system
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esophagus
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a tube connecting the mouth or pharynx to the stomach or crop
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digestive system
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cardiac sphincter
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a circular muscle located between the esophagus and the
stomach |
digestive system
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spleen
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the largest lymphatic organ in the body; serves as a blood reservoir,
disintegrates old red blood cells, and produces lymphocytes and plasmids |
digestive system
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liver
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organ that performs vital metabolic processes including filtration of blood,
secretion of bile, and conversion of sugars into glycogen |
digestive system
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pancreas
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the organ that lies behind the stomach and produces and secretes
insulin, glucagon, and digestive enzymes |
digestive system
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ileum
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the middle portion of the small intestine
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digestive system
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