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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chapter 1:
List the six unifying themes of biology |
Cell Structure and Function
Stability and Homeostasis Reproduction and Inheritance Evolution Interdependence of Organisms Matter, Energy, and Organization |
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Chapter 1:
How do organisms produce offspring like themselves? |
Asexual reproduction
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Chapter 1:
How do autotrophs differ from heterotrophs in obtaining energy? |
Autotrophs- obtain their energy by making their own food (ex. Plants)
Heterotrophs- organisms that must take in food to meet their energy needs (ex. all animals, fungi) |
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Chapter 1:
Homeostasis |
A stable level of internal conditions
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Chapter 1:
Sexual Reproduction |
Hereditary infomation from two parts of a single organisms of the same species is combined.
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Chapter 1:
Asexual |
Hereditary information from differant organisms is not combined. (identical)
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Chapter 1:
Evolution |
The theory of evolution helps us understand how the many kinds of organisms that have lived on Earth came into existance.
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Chapter 1:
Natural Selection |
The most important driving force in evolution.
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Chapter 1:
Name six characteristics that all living things share |
Cells
Organization Energy Use Homeostasis Growth Reproduction |
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Chapter 1:
Populations of Organisms evolve over generations primarily by a process called... |
Natural Selection
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Chapter 2:
Matter |
Anything that occupies space and has space.
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Chapter 2:
Mass |
The quantity of matter an object has.
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Chapter 2:
Elements |
Pure Substances that cannot be broken down chemicaly into simpler kinds of matter.
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Chapter 2:
Atom |
The simplest partical of an element that retains all of the properties of that element.
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Chapter 2:
Proton |
A positve electrical charge
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Chapter 2:
Neutron |
No electrical charge
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Chapter 2:
Electron |
A negitive electrical charge
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Chapter 2:
Compound |
A pure substance that is made up od atoms of two or more elements.
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Chapter 2:
Covalent Bond |
A covalent bond forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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Chapter 2:
Ionic Bond |
Positive and negative electrical charges attract each other, the sodium ion and the chloride ion attract each other. This attraction is called an ionic bond.
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Chapter 2:
How does an ionic bond differ from a covalent bond? |
In an ionic bond, the atoms are bound by attraction of opposite ions, whereas, in a covalent bond, atoms are bound by sharing electrons
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Chapter 2:
What are the three states of matter? |
Solid, Liquid, and Gas
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Chapter 2:
How can we predict which elements are stable under natural conditions and which elements tend to undergo chemical reactions? |
If the innermost level holds 2 electrons (the maximum), then it is stable. The second level holds a maximum of 8 electrons (the maximum). The more elctrons the better!
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Chapter 2:
How can a substance be changed from a liquid to a gas? |
Thermal energy
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Chapter 2:
What is the differance between endergonic and exergonic reactions? |
Endergonic reaction- Chemical reactions that involve a neet absorption of free energy
Exergonic reaction- Chemical reactions that involve a net realease of free energy |
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Chapter 2:
Explain how a catalyst affect a reaction |
Certain chemical substances knows as catalysts reduce the amount of activation energy that is needed for a reaction.
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Chapter 2:
Why does a reduction reaction always accompany an oxidation reaction? |
It always involves transfer of electrons. The molecule gaining electrons is reduced, but the molecule which looses electrons is oxidised.
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Chapter 2:
Solute |
The substance dissolved in the solution
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Chapter 2:
Solvent |
The substance in which the solute is dissolved in
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Chapter 2:
Buffers |
Chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution
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Chapter 2:
Alkaline |
Ph scale- 8 to 14
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Chapter 2:
Base |
Ph scale- 1 to 6
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Chapter 2:
Neutral |
Ph scale- 7
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Chapter 3:
Structure of an oxegon molecule |
O
H H |
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Chapter 3:
Polar Compound |
An uneven pattern of charge
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Chapter 3:
Hydrogen Bond |
The type of atraction that holds two water molecules together
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Chapter 3:
Cohesion |
An attractive force between particles of the same kind
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Chapter 3:
Adhesion |
The attractive force between unlike substances
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Chapter 3:
Capillarity |
The property of water
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Chapter 3:
Functional groups |
Clusters of atoms
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Chapter 3:
Monomers |
When molecules are built up from smaller, simpler molecules
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Chapter 3:
Polymer |
Linked units
*Monomers can bond to one another to form complex molecules (polymers) |
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Chapter 3:
Condensation reaction |
When monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction
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Chapter 3:
Hydrolysis |
The breakdown of some complex molecules, such as polymers, occurs through a process called hydrolysis.
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Chapter 3:
Monosaccharides |
A monomer of a carbohydrate
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Chapter 3:
Isomers |
Compounds like these sugars, with a single chemical formula but differant forms
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Chapter 3:
Disaccharide |
In living things, two monosaccharides can combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar.
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Chapter 3:
Polyssaccharide |
A complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides.
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Chapter 3:
Protiens |
Organic compounds composed mainly of carbon hydrogen, oxegon, and nitrogen.
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Chapter 3:
Amino Acids |
(The 20 differant) amino acids, the monomer building blocks of protiens.
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Chapter 3:
Depeptide |
Two amino acids form a depeptide
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Chapter 3:
Peptide |
When two amino acids form a covalent bond
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Chapter 3:
Polypeptide |
When amino acids bond to each other one at a time, forming a very long chain
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Chapter 3:
Substrate |
The reactant being catalyzed
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Chapter 3:
Lipids |
Large, nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water
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Chapter 3:
Fatty Acids |
Unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids
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Chapter 3:
Hydrophillic |
"Water loving"
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Chapter 3:
Hydrophobic |
"Water fearing"
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Chapter 3:
Triglyceride |
Composed of three molecules of fatty acid joined to one molecule of the alchol glycerol.
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Chapter 3:
Phospholipids |
Have two, rather then three, fattu acids, joined by a molecule of glycerol.
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Chapter 3:
Nucleic Acids |
Very large and complex organic molecules that store important information in the cell.
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Chapter 3:
Ribonucleic Acid |
Stores and transfers information tha tis essential for the manufactuing of protiens.
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Chapter 3:
Nucleotides |
Polymers composed of thousands of linked monmers (ex. DNA, RNA)
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Chapter 4:
Cell Theory |
1. All living things are composed of one or more cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism 3. Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells |
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Chapter 4:
Organelles |
A cell component that preforms specific functions for te cell
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Chapter 4:
Cell Membrane |
The entire cell is surrounded by a cell membrane
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Chapter 4:
Nucleus |
The large organelle near the center of the cell
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Chapter 4:
Eurkaryotes |
Organisms whose cells contain a membrane- bound nucleus and other organelles
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Chapter 4:
Prokaryotes |
Unicellular organisms that lack a membrane- bound nucleus and other organelles
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Chapter 4:
Selectively permable |
The cell membrane is said to be selectively permable
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Chapter 4:
Peripheral Protiens |
Located on the interior surface and the exterior surface of the cell membrane.
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Chapter 4:
Integral protiens |
The protiens that are embedded in the lipid bilayer.
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Chapter 4:
Fluid Mosaic |
Used to describe a cell membrane
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Chapter 4:
Cytoplasm |
contains the various organelles of the cell
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Chapter 4:
Cytosol |
A gelatin- like aqueous fluid in which the organelles are bathed in
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Chapter 4:
Cell Membrane |
The entire cell is surrounded by a cell membrane
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Chapter 4:
Nucleus |
The large organelle near the center of the cell
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Chapter 4:
Eurkaryotes |
Organisms whose cells contain a membrane- bound nucleus and other organelles
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Chapter 4:
Prokaryotes |
Unicellular organisms that lack a membrane- bound nucleus and other organelles
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Chapter 4:
Selectively permable |
The cell membrane is said to be selectively permable
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Chapter 4:
Peripheral Protiens |
Located on the interior surface and the exterior surface of the cell membrane.
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Chapter 4:
Integral protiens |
The protiens that are embedded in the lipid bilayer.
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Chapter 4:
Fluid Mosaic |
Used to describe a cell membrane
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Chapter 4:
Cytoplasm |
contains the various organelles of the cell
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Chapter 4:
Cytosol |
A gelatin- like aqueous fluid in which the organelles are bathed in
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Chapter 4:
Mitochondrion |
Function: Transfers energy from organic compounds to ATP
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Chapter 4:
Ribsome |
Function: Organizes the synthesis of protiens
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Chapter 4:
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
Function: Prepares protiens for export (rough ER); synthesis steroids, regulates calcium levels, breaks down toxic substances (smooth ER)
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Chapter 4:
Golgi Apparatus |
Process and packages substances produced by the cell
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Chapter 4:
Lysosome |
Digests molecules, old organelles, and foreign substances
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Chapter 4:
Microfilaments and Microtubules |
Contribute to the support, movement, and division of cells
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Chapter 4:
Cillia and Flagella |
Propel cells through the environment; move materials over the cell surface
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Chapter 4:
Nucleus |
Stores heriditary information in DNA; synthesizes RNA and Ribosomes
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Chapter 4:
Cell wall |
Supports and protects the cell
*Only found in plants |
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Chapter 4:
Vacuole |
Stores Enzymes and waste products
*Only found in plants |
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Chapter 4:
Name three organelles only found in a plant cell |
Cell Wall
Vacuole Plastid |
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Chapter 5:
Diffusion |
The movement of moecules from an area of higher concentration to an area od lower concentration
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Chapter 5:
Concentration gradient |
The differance in the concentration of molecules across a space
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Chapter 5:
Equilibrium |
When the concentration of the molecules of a substance is the same through a space, a state of equilibrium exists.
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Chapter 5:
Osmosis |
The process by which water molecules diffuse across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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Chapter 5:
Hypotonic |
When the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower then the concentration in the cytosol
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Chapter 5:
Hypertonic |
When the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is higher then the concentration in the cytosol.
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Chapter 5:
Contractile Vacuoles |
Organelles that remove water
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Chaper 5:
Turgor Pressure |
The pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall
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Chapter 5:
Plasmolysis |
When the cells shink away from the cell walls
* Reason why plants wilt |
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Chapter 5:
Facilitated Diffusion |
Another type of passive transport. This process is used for molecules tha tcannot diffuse rapidly through cell membranes, even when there is a concentration gradient across the membrane.
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Chapter 5:
Carrier Protiens |
In facilitated diffusion , the movement of these kinds of moleules across the cell membrane is assistedby specidic protiens in the membrane (These protiens are known as carrier protiens).
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Chapter 5:
Ion Channels |
Another type of passive transport involves membrane protiens know as ion channels. Ions such as sodium, potassuim, calcium, and chloride are important for a variety of cell functions
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Chapter 5:
How is osmosis related to diffusion? |
They are both types of passive transport (no energy is required for the molecules to move into or out of the cell.)
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Chapter 5:
Sodium- potassium pump |
One example of active transport in animal cells involves a carrier protien known as the Sodium- Potassium Pump
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Chapter 5:
Endocytosis |
The process by which cells ingest external fluid macromolecules, and large particles, including other cells.
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Chapter 5:
Vesicle |
The pouch that pinches off from the cell memrane and becomes a membrane and membrane- bound organelle
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Chapter 5:
Pinocytosis |
Involves the transport of sloutes or fluids
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Chapter 5:
Phagocytosis |
The movement of large particles or whole cells.
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Chapter 5:
Phagocytes |
Allow lysomes to fuse with the vesicles that contain the ingested bacteria and viruses before they can harm the animal
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Chapter 5:
Exocytosis |
Is essentially the reverse of endocytosis. Durring Exocytosis, vesicles in the cytoplasm fuse with the cell membrane realeasing their contents into the cell's external enviroment,
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Chapter 6:
Biochemical Pathway |
A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as biochemical pathway
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Chapter 6:
Grana |
Stacks of thylakoids
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Chapter 6:
Stroma |
The solution around the thylakoid is called the stroma
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Chapter 6:
Pigment |
A compound that absorbs light
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Chapter 6:
Chlorophylls |
Located in the membrane of the thylakoids are a variety of pigments. The most important of which are called Chlorophylls.
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Chapter 6:
Carotenoids |
Yellow, Orange, and brown thylakoids
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