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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Compare a habitat and a niche
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Habitat–place where organism lives (address). Niche–Organism’s total way of life, role a species plays in the community, although several species may share a habitat they each have their own niche. A niche is a very narrow range where a species fits within a habitat.
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Why is maintaining biodiversity important?
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Because it increases the stability of an ecosystem, and increased biodiversity increases the chance that at least some living things will survive in the face of large changes in the environment.
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Give an example of mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. What happens to the host and symbiont in each relationship?
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Mutualism– (+, +) both symbiont and host benefit (bees and flowers).
Commensalism–(+, 0) Symbiont beniefs, host is uneffects (neither helped nor harmed) (clown fish and sea anemones).
Parasitism–(+, -) Symbiont benefited, and host is harmed (tapeworms and humans)
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What are some limiting factors that affect the carrying capacity of a population?
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The amount of resources available in the ecosystem, the size of the population, and the amount of resources each individual is consuming.
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How do ecologists estimate the population of plants?
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Random Sampling (population density) of a certain area to estimate the whole population.
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How do ecologists estimate the population of animals?
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For animals you would (mark and recapture) capture animals, tag them, and then send them back into the wild. You would repeat this to find how may were previously tagged initially, and create a ratio to estimate a population.
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Describe random sampling and mark and recapture.
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Random sampling– randomly picking squares of land and counting amount of plants on it, then average that amount with that of how many square exist. Randomly sampling areas of land, to estimate the amount of plants, by using that data to make an educated guess about other areas. Mark and recapture–(total number captured) x (number marked) ÷ (total number recaptured with mark)
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List the major biomes of the earth and include 3 distinguishing features that make each one unique.
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Rainforest–two types tropical (warm), temperate (cool), lies between tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer.
Tundra–Very cold, permanently frozen ground, near north pole.
Tagia–warm summer, cold winters, large portion of Canada, Europe, Asia, and largest biomes.
Desert–dry, little plant life, little water
Temperate–four seasons, all organisms adapt, located in east USA, Canada, Europe, part of Russia, China, and Japan.
Grasslands–every continent except Antarctica, found near rivers and streams, grass open space.
Rivers and Streams–Surface runoff, infiltration, drains, filters, and carries water.
Ponds and Lakes–Large body of fresh water, water carried by rivers into lakes, vast body of water and life cycle.
Wetlands–Freshwater, marshes, swamps, bogs, erosion control, water purification.
Temperate Ocean–3/4 of earths surface, self containing, all oceans
Tropical Oceans–Coral reef, located near equator, tropical locations.
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Discuss the stages of succession and be able to identify them.
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Pioneer organisms– the first organisms to inhabit a given location (ex. Lichen on bare rock). Pioneer organisms modify their environment– thus establishing condition under which more advanced organisms can live. Each community modifies its environment, often making it more diffucult for itself and, apparently, more favorable for the following community which infiltrates the first community over a period of years.
Primary succession–development of plant communities on newly formed habitats that previously lacked plants (ex. A lava flow).
Secondary succession–return of an area to its natural vegetation following a disruption or removal of the original climax community.
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How can the stages of succession be altered?
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through the activities of organisms, including humans, or when the climate changes. These alterations can be abrupt (natural disasters), in most cases species replace others, resulting in long-term gradual changes in ecosystems.
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What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration in the carbon-oxygen cycle?
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The relationship is that photosynthesis helps the plants grow, which by effect lets the plants release carbon-dioxide into the atmosphere.
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What determines the type of plant and animal species during the stages of succession?
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Primary Succession– (Adirondeck Bog Succession) 1. Water plants at ponds edge. 2. Sedges and sediments begin to fill pond. 3. Sphagnum moss and bog shrubs fill pond (Labrador tea & cranberries) 4. Black spruce and larch 5. Birches, maple, or fir.
Secondary Succession– 1. Plowed field 2. Annual grasses 3. Shrubs and briers 4. Cherries, alders, and birches 5. Climax community–(hemlock, beech, maple, oak)
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Know how to interpret a food web. What do the arrows show? Where does it start?
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Direction of the arrow is the direction of the flow of energy. Producers.
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What most likely is the pioneer species after volcanic activity, usually growing on bare rock?
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Lichen
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Under which circumstances would you see a “J” curve for population size? An “S” curve?
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When a carrying capacity goes from increasing drastically, to then dropping drastically (because of overpopulation)
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How do the carrying capacity and limiting factors impact population growth?
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If the amount of resources available in the ecosystem matches that of the carrying capacity, then a population growth would throw C.C. off. If the size of the population, is perfect for the C.C. and population growth would throw it off balance. If the amount of resources each individual is consuming was matched with the C.C. and a population growth occurred, it would throw the balance off.
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Compare protons, neutrons, and electrons Where are they located in the atom? What is the charge on each particle?
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Protons–positively charges (inside the nucleus of an atom). Neutrons–neutrally charged (inside the nucleus of an atom). Electrons–negatively charged (found of the outside of the nucleus).
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What is the building block of matter?
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The Atom
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What is an ion? Give an example.
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An atom that loses or gains an electron. Na+
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What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond?
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Ionic–The attraction between two oppositely charged ions. Covalent–The sharing of electrons between two atoms.
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List the six major elements found in most living organisms.
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Prosperous, Sulfur (SPONCH)
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What is carbon the basis for organic chemistry?
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It is the basis for organic compounds
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Draw the pH scale
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1-6 acid from weak to strong. 7 base. 8-14 base from weak to strong.
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What are some major differences between acids and bases?
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Acids–increased H+, sour, low pH. Bases–Increased OH-, bitter, high pH.
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Compare the strength of an acid of pH 2 with pH 5.
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pH of 2 is more acidic, because it has 3,000 times as much H+.
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What is the equation for neutralization?
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H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
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Compare polar and nonpolar molecules.
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Polar covalent–results from the unequal sharing of electrons (H2O). Non-Polar covalent– results from the equal sharing of electrons (CH4)
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Discuss the properties of water.
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Water–has a tendency to spontaneously dissociate into either, positively charged H+ ion (acidic), or negatively charged OH- ion (basic). Polar nature of water–Hydrogen bonds between water molecules causes the following unique characteristics to water: High boiling point (overcoming H bonding), Expansion when freezing (forms a more tighter formation of molecules), Good solvent (water molecules are attracted to other molecules), Surface tension (water molecules are attracted to one another forming H bonds and creating surface tension–Cohesion), and Capillary action (adhesion= forces of attraction between molecules of two different substances–due to adhesion and cohesion)
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Which elements and building blocks make up, carbohydrates?
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Carbohydrates–Consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO). Its purpose is to provide energy. Some also provide structure. It’s basic building block is monosaccharide (CH2O) n; n=3,5,6. IT consists of one sugar unit, and examples of it are fructose, glucose, and galactose.
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Which elements and building blocks make up proteins,?
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Protein–Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur (in two amino acids). Its basic building block is amino acids. Amino acids (20 difference kinds) bind together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Its six functions include; Storage, transport, regulatory, movement, structural, enzyme, and immune protection.
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Which elements and building blocks make up, lipids?
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Lipids–Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It has a greater ratio of H:O. Includes fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids (lipid hormones, cholesterol). Its building blocks are fatty acids and glycerol. It is used in six ways; long term energy storage, protection against heat loss, physical shock, and water loss, chemical messenger/hormones, and major component of membranes.
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Which elements and building blocks make up starch?
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Starch–Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C6H10O5). It is a many (3+) sugar units structure. Consists of glucose subunits. It is used as plant energy storage molecule. Glycogen is a very similar molecule in animals that is made and stored in the liver and muscle. Animals can digest starch and glycogen.
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Which elements and building blocks make up nucleic acids?
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Nucleic acids–Consists of nucleotides (three parts: 5-carbon sugar–C, phosphate group–P, nitrogen base–CHN). Makes up DNA, and RNA. It’s function is to dictate amino acids sequence in proteins, and to give information to chromosomes, which is then passed from parent to offspring.
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What are the main functions of proteins?
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Proteins– Its six functions include; Storage, transport, regulatory, movement, structural, enzyme, and immune protection.
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What are the main functions of, carbohydrates?
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Carbohydrates– Its purpose is to provide energy. Some also provide structure.
Lipids– It is used in six ways; long term energy storage, protection against heat loss, physical shock, and water loss, chemical messenger/hormones, and major component of membranes
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What are the main functions of nucleic acids?
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Nucleic acids– It’s function is to dictate amino acids sequence in proteins, and to give information to chromosomes, which is then passed from parent to offspring.
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What are the main functions of, carbohydrates,?
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Carbohydrates– Its purpose is to provide energy. Some also provide structure.
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What are the main functions of lipids,?
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Lipids– It is used in six ways; long term energy storage, protection against heat loss, physical shock, and water loss, chemical messenger/hormones, and major component of membranes
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Compare monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
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Monosaccharides–one sugar unit structure (ex: fructose, glucose, galactose). Basic building block of carbohydrates.
Disaccharides–Two sugar unit structure (ex:sucrose–glucose+fructose, lactose–glucose+galactose, maltose–glucose+glucose)
Polysaccharides–Many (3+) sugar unit stucture (ex:starch–bread+potatos, glycogen–beef muscles, and cellulose–lettuce+corn)
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Compare a saturated lipid with an unsaturated lipid.
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Saturated lipid–Saturated fatty-acids are bad, single bonds, solid at room tempurature. Unsaturated lipid–Unsaturated fatty-acids are good, double bond, liquid at room temperature.
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Describe enzymes. How do they work?
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Enzymes work by weakening bond which lowers activation energy, making it easier for the reaction to take place.
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What is an enzyme-substrate complex?
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It is when a substrate (reactant) goes into the activation site of a enzyme, and they become a ES-complex, which is an active enzyme.
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Lock and key theory?
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It is Induced Fit, which is a change in shape of an enzyme’s active site, to allow the substrate to fit.
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What can denature a protein?
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Temperature, extreme pH, Cofactors and Coenzymes, and Inhibitors (competitive and non-competitive)
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What is an “R” group of an amino acid?
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The part if an amino acid that make it unique, because it could either be H+ or OH-.
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Compare DNA and RNA.
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DNA–Deoxyribose sugar (no O in 3rd carbon), Phosphate group, one of 4 types of bases (all containing nitrogen), Adenine, Thymine (only DNA), Cytosine, Guanine, Double stranded helix arrangement in nucleus, hydrogen bonds.
RNA– Ribose sugar (with O in 3rd carbon), Phosphate group, one of 4 types of bases (all containing nitrogen), Adenine, Uracil (only RNA), Cytosine, Guanine, Single stranded, hydrogen bonds.
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Describe hydrolysis and the dehydration synthesis.
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Hydrolysis– chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound is broken down by reaction with water. This is the type of reaction that is used to break down polymers. Water is added in this reaction.
Dehydration Synthesis–chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties combine to form one single molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule. When this small molecule is water, it is known as a dehydration reaction; other possible small molecules lost are hydrogen chloride, methanol, or acetic acid
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Which indicators are used for simple sugars? How are they used?
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simple sugars–Benedict’s solution (Blue Orange) (heated up)
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Which indicators are used for, starches? How are they used?
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starches–Iodine Solution (Lugols) (Orange Purple)
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Which indicators are used for lipids? How are they used?
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lipids–Sudan (red beads), or brown paper squares (becomes transparent)
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Which indicators are used for proteins? How are they used?
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proteins–Biuret (Blue Pink)
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Describe how you could test the stomach contents of a living organism to determine what they consumed.
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One could analyze the stomach contents of the living organism (vomit), and separate it to test different portions of it with different indicators to find if the presence of whatever the indicator indicates exists.
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What is the function of amylase?
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It is in your saliva, and it is used to break down starch into maltose. How do you know if it is working? If you are salivating and when you eat starch you break it down.
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