Biology Final Exam

Front 1

Protein Folding

Back 1

2 types of amino acid chain
1. Alpha Helix (curls, proteins are stretchy, helix coil is formed)
2. Beta Pleated Sheets (silk, strong not stretchy, like pasta)
Regular folding is in secondary structure, irregular is in tertiary structure

Front 2

Primary Structure

Back 2

1. Sequence of amino acids (coded by DNA)
2. Stabilized by peptide bonds
3. Just built, doesn't work, not a functional protein

Front 3

Secondary Structure

Back 3

The regular folding of amino acid chains, including the two types: alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

Front 4

Tertiary Structure

Back 4

1. Irregular folding of alpha or beta sheets
2. side (r) group interaction decides what the tertiary structure will look like
3. this structure forms the globular shape of protein

Front 5

Quaternary Structure

Back 5

Interaction between two or more protein strands
a. not found in all proteins
b. VERY strong proteins: ex: collagen, hemoglobin, horns, feathers
c. all functioning proteins must go to either quaternary or tertiary

Front 6

Amino Acid Interaction

Back 6

side (r) group interaction decides what the tertiary structure will look like

Front 7

Denatured Proteins

Back 7

You must break first the quaternary or tertiary, and then the secondary and lastly primary. Denature: render it useless
1. change chemical gradient
2. change temperature
3. change pH

Front 8

Binding Site

Back 8

Area on surface of cell, where the enzyme can attach itself to the compound and react with it

Front 9

Cholera Causes

Back 9

Cholera lives on copepods in Bay of Bengal, a tsunami could cause an outbreak of cholera

Front 10

Cholera Treatment

Back 10

1. Boats take water from Bay of Bengal to all waters
2. 3 strains of Cholera
a. Classic (rare, treated with chlorine)
b. el Tor (common, slight resistance to chlorine)
c. bengal (deadly, resistant to chlorine)

Front 11

Cholera Symptoms

Back 11

Dehydration, diarea, blood thickens, skin turns blue, lowers blood pressure, death

Front 12

Cholera mode of infection by toxin

Back 12

Part B of quaternary structure of Cholera toxin binds to receptor protein. It takes the protein receptor, which allows salt into the cell. This causes the loss of salts. The Cholera enzyme can now enter the cell. Then, part A pushes the water out of the cell.

Front 13

Cholera Transmission

Back 13

Cholera is transmitted through water.

Front 14

Viral Infection Reproduce

Back 14

1. Lytic cycle: uses host cell by attatching, inseting genetic material, and cell bursts to release virus
2. lysogenic cycle: doesnt kill host right away. After genetic material is injected into cell, it is intergreated into host genome. Viral DNA is copied into each new cell