Biology Final Chapter 26

Front 1

Plant growth requires _____ elements

Back 1

16

Front 2

Elements required in amounts above 0.5% of the plant's dry weight

Back 2

Macronutrients

Front 3

These elements make up traces of the plant body

Back 3

Micronutrients

Front 4

Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are obtained from?

Back 4

Air and water

Front 5

Other nutrients are taken up by _____ as minerals dissolved in soil water

Back 5

roots

Front 6

Consists of particles from weathered rocks, mixed with decomposing organic matierial

Back 6

Soil

Front 7

Decomposing organic material

Back 7

Humus

Front 8

These have the best oxygen and water penetration and roughly equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay

Back 8

Loams

Front 9

Contains the greatest amount of organic matter, so the roots of most plants grow deeply here

Back 9

Topsoil

Front 10

Another name for topsoil

Back 10

A horizon

Front 11

Carries away soil nutrients

Back 11

Leaching

Front 12

____ is fastest in sandy soils, which don't bind nutrients as well as clay soils

Back 12

Leaching

Front 13

Strong winds, fast-moving water, sparse vegetation, poor farming is all ...

Back 13

soil erosion

Front 14

This is greatest in areas where water and nutrient concentrations best match the plant's requirements

Back 14

root growth

Front 15

Root specializations such as _____,_____, and ____ help plants absorb water and nutrients

Back 15

Hairs, mycorrhizae, nodules

Front 16

Water moves from soil through a roots......?... to the vasuclar cylidner

Back 16

A root's epidermis and cortex

Front 17

___ distributes water and mineral ions to the rest of the plant

Back 17

Xylem

Front 18

Thin extensions of root epidermal cells

Back 18

Root hairs

Front 19

Increase surface area of root and allow it to absorb water and nutrients

Back 19

Root hairs

Front 20

____ enters plant cells by moving through the cytoplasm or by diffusing through cell walls

Back 20

water

Front 21

Mineral ions only enter cytoplasm through ____ _____ in the plasma membranes

Back 21

active transporters

Front 22

Once incytoplasm, water and ions diffuse cell to cell through _____ until they enter xylem in the vascular cylinder

Back 22

plasmodesmata

Front 23

cell junctions that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plantcells

Back 23

plasmodesmata

Front 24

Soil water can only enter the ____ ____ by passing through an endoderal cell

Back 24

vascular cylinder

Front 25

The endodermal cell is protected by a waterproof ...

Back 25

Casparian strip

Front 26

The vasuclar cylinder is layered by what?

Back 26

The pericycle and the endodermis

Front 27

__ ____ in the cell's plasma membranes control the movement of mineral ions from soil water into the plant body

Back 27

Transport proteins

Front 28

Waxy, waterproof band between the plasma membranes of root endodermal cells; seals abutting cell walls

Back 28

Casparian strip

Front 29

Fungi called _____ grow in/around plant roots to help them absorb mineral ions from a larger volume of soil than roots alone

Back 29

mycorrihaze

Front 30

Mutually beneficial fungus-plant root partnership

Back 30

Mycorrhiza

Front 31

Mycorrhiza gets some ____ & ____-_ ____ _____ and the plant receives minerals the fungus can better absorb

Back 31

sugars and nitrogen-rich compounds

Front 32

____ ______ in root nodules shares their fixed nitrogen with certain plants (clovers,peas, legumes)

Back 32

Anaerobic bacteria

Front 33

Swellings of some plant roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Back 33

Root nodules

Front 34

These form root nodules on clovers, peas, and other legumes

Back 34

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Front 35

Atmospheric nitrogen is _______

Back 35

N=_N

Front 36

A bacterial enzyme uses ATP to convert nitrogen gas to ammonia

Back 36

nitrogen fixation

Front 37

What two features of water drive its movement in vascular plants?

Back 37

Evaporation and Cohesion

Front 38

From leaves and stems, drives the upward movement of water through xylem inside a vascular plant

Back 38

Evaporation

Front 39

Water's this allows it to be pulled from roots into all other parts of the plant

Back 39

Cohesion

Front 40

How transpiration creates a tension that pulls a cohesive column of water through xylem, from roots to shoots (straw)

Back 40

Cohesion-tension theory

Front 41

Evaporation of water from plant parts

Back 41

transpiration

Front 42

Water is pulled upward from roots through continuous pipelines of xylem by the negative pressure (____) of evaporation (_____) and ______ among water molecules

Back 42

tension, transpiration, cohesion

Front 43

At least 90% of water taken up by roots is lost through...

Back 43

evaporation

Front 44

Plants must conserve water for _____, ____, ____ ____...

Back 44

Photosynthesis, growth, membrane functions

Front 45

A ____ & ____ restrict the amount of water vapor that diffuses out of the plant's surfaces- but also restrict access to CO2 for photosynthesis, and oxygen for aerobic respiration

Back 45

Cuticle and stomata

Front 46

The cuticle is _____, so it does not prevent light from reaching photosynthetic tissues

Back 46

Traslucent

Front 47

pair of cells that define a stoma across the epidermis of a leaf or stem

Back 47

guard cell

Front 48

When guard cells swell with water a gap (____) forms between them

Back 48

stoma

Front 49

When guard cells lose water, the gap ____

Back 49

closes

Front 50

What affects whether stomata open or close?

Back 50

The level of Co2 in the leaf, water availability, and light intensity

Front 51

Stomata close in response to____ in polluted air

Back 51

chemicals

Front 52

Closure protects the plant from chemicals but also does what?

Back 52

Prevents uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis, and stops growth

Front 53

Distributes the organic products of photosynthesis through plants

Back 53

phloem

Front 54

vasuclar tissue with organized arrays of conducting tubes, fibers, and strands of parenchyma cells

Back 54

Phloem

Front 55

Dead and mature, function as pipes through which water travels

Back 55

xylem

Front 56

Still alive

Back 56

phloem

Front 57

Sugar-conducting tubes of the phloem and consist of living cells

Back 57

Sieve tubes

Front 58

Actively transport the organic products of photosynthesis (sugars) into sieve tubes

Back 58

Companion cells

Front 59

Sugar travels through sieve tubes to parts of the plant, where it is broken down for ...

Back 59

energy, remade into other compounds, or stored

Front 60

Movement of sugars through the phloem

Back 60

translocation

Front 61

Plants store their carbs as ____

Back 61

starch

Front 62

This is too big to transport across plasma membranes, so plant cells break it down into sucrose

Back 62

Starch

Front 63

Main carbohydrate transported through the phloem

Back 63

sucrose

Front 64

Organic compounds flow from a ____ to a _____

Back 64

source to a sink

Front 65

Region where companion cells load molecules into sieve tubes

Back 65

source

Front 66

Region here molecules are being used or stored

Back 66

sink

Front 67

A plant's main source region

Back 67

photosynthetic tissues

Front 68

These are sinks...

Back 68

roots and fruits

Front 69

A ____ _____ drives the movement of fluid in phloem

Back 69

pressure gradient

Front 70

explanation for how flow of fluid through phloem is driven by differences in pressure and sugar concentration between a source and a sink

Back 70

Pressure flow theory

Front 71

What is the first step of Pressure Flow Theory?

Back 71

1. Companion cells load sugar into sieve tubes by active transport

Front 72

What is the second step of Pressure Flow Theory?

Back 72

Solute concentration in sieve tubes increases. Water moves in by osmosis. The increased fluid increases pressure

Front 73

What is the third step to Pressure Flow Theory?

Back 73

The high pressure pushes fluid from source to sink regions, where pressure and solute concentrations decrease

Front 74

What is the final step to Pressure Flow Theory?

Back 74

Sugars are unloaded at sink regions; water follows by osmosis