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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Climate
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long term trends in weather
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plane
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earth orbits the sun in a plane (as do other planets)
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sunlight energy strikes ______ to the earths surface at the equator
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perpendicular
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consequences for surface slopes ever more away from sun (higher latitudes)
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latitudal variation in:
temperature energy for photosynthesis length of the growing season |
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what are latitudal differences in solar intensity similar to?
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changes in the agle of the sun during the day
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scattering of sunlight
when the sun is lower in the sky: |
-sunlight strikes the surface obliquely
-sunlight passes through more atmosphere -more blue light is scattered -looking towrd the sun, colors are more red |
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where is the sun never high?
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at latituted far from the equator
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____ light from the sun is a mixture of all colors of the rainbow
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white
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sun light is scattered by ____ and ____ in the atmosphere
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oxygen (O2) and Nitrogen (N2)
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These ______ ________ stimulate the cones of our retinas
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scattered photons
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in spring and summer there is more sun light energy which means... ?
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more perpendicular surface (v. fall and winter)
light energyis not "spread thin"which leads to more heating energy |
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Where are seasonal changes especially dramatic?
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farther from the equator
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Farther from the equator you can find...
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arid and lush sides of islands
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At what latitudes is the occurence of deserts?
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at about 30N and 30S
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Atmospheric gasses respond similarly to changes in ______
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volume
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the earth's surface _______ _______ warming atmospheric gasses
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radiates energy
-the energy input pays for work |
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Increases in volume (work) are associated with _____
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cooling (loss of kinetic energy)
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Adiabatic cooling
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cooling via expansion (and without removal of heat energy)
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How does hot air rise?
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-rising air expands (occupied volume increases)
-gas particles (O2, CO2, N2, H2O) are less likely to collide -pressure falls, and temp falls |
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What happens to cooler air as warm air rises?
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-water condensation rate is greater than water evaporation rate
-which means the size of droplets (condensate) increases -condensate falls out (precipitation) |
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Cooling air slows and falls:
In the _____ atmosphere, air particales _______ their heat energy into space which does what? |
upper, radiate, heat content drops and they slow down
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Cooling air slows and falls:
What happens to cool, slow air as it slows down? |
it is pushed aside and down by rising hot air.
as density increases, dense air falls. |
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Cooling air slows and falls:
What happens to the falling air? |
It is heated again by energy radiated from earth's surgace warming air.
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Why does the dense, descending, and newly warm air that is dry acquire moisture from earth's surface?
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It is drying that surface because inwarm air, the rate of CONDENSATION is less than rate of EVAPORATION
So what is unlikely? RAIN. |
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Tropics
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sunlight energy strikes perpendicular to the surface atsome points of the year
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the earth's surface _______ _______ warming atmospheric gasses
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radiates energy
-the energy input pays for work |
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Increases in volume (work) are associated with _____
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cooling (loss of kinetic energy)
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Adiabatic cooling
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cooling via expansion (and without removal of heat energy)
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How does hot air rise?
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-rising air expands (occupied volume increases)
-gas particles (O2, CO2, N2, H2O) are less likely to collide -pressure falls, and temp falls |
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What happens to cooler air as warm air rises?
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-water condensation rate is greater than water evaporation rate
-which means the size of droplets (condensate) increases -condensate falls out (precipitation) |
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Cooling air slows and falls:
In the _____ atmosphere, air particales _______ their heat energy into space which does what? |
upper, radiate, heat content drops and they slow down
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Cooling air slows and falls:
What happens to cool, slow air as it slows down? |
it is pushed aside and down by rising hot air.
as density increases, dense air falls. |
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Cooling air slows and falls:
What happens to the falling air? |
It is heated again by energy radiated from earth's surgace warming air.
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Why does the dense, descending, and newly warm air that is dry acquire moisture from earth's surface?
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It is drying that surface because inwarm air, the rate of CONDENSATION is less than rate of EVAPORATION
So what is unlikely? RAIN. |
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Tropics
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sunlight energy strikes perpendicular to the surface atsome points of the year
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Prevailing winds in summer?
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water is slow to warm and cool
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Prevailing winds in summer?
Continental interiors warm faster than adjacent ______ _____ |
ocean waters.
which means the warm continental air RISES and creates low pressure area drawing in COASTAL AIR |
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What are the greenhouse gases?
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METHANE, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND WATER VAPOR
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What happens with the GREENHOUSE EFFECT during the day?
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short solar radiation penetrate the atmosphere and warms the earth's surface during the day
-sunlight energy (photons) tranduces into kinetic energy and potential energy if surface of atoms and molecules |
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What happens with the GREENHOUSE EFFECT at night?
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Long radiation (photons) are emitted from the warmed surface
-greenhouse gasses absorb this heat energy -gasses then emit other long radiation, some of which strikes the surface and warming it |
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What would happen without the greehouse effect?
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the avg. temp at Earth's surface would be less than 0C (about 59 F colder)
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Whats the deal with deserts?
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-over deserts clouds would be less prevalent
-this would mean long heat energy radiates into deep space and desert nights would be cool |
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Photons
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sunlight energy
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Gyres
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ocean circulations
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What community does climate determine the nature of?
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The plant community
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What community does the plant community determine the nature of?
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The animal community
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What are the most important climatic parameters of terrestrial habitats?
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Temperature,
the amount of precipitations, and the seasonality of rains |
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When is the Vernal Equinox and how is the earths axis?
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March 21
axis is perpendicular to direction of solar beams (bottom) |
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When is the Summer solstice and how is the earth's axis?
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June 22
maximal inclination of axis towards sun (right) |
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When is the Winter solstice and how is the earth's axis?
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December 22
axis is maximally inclined away from the sun (left) |
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When is the Autumn equinox and how is the earth's axis?
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September 22
axis is perpendicular to the beam ofsolar rays (top) |
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Where is the Tropic of Capricorn?
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23S 27'
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At what latitude do tropics begin?
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23S 27', perpendicular to equator
from tropic of capricorn to cancer |
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Where is the Tropic of Cancer?
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23N 27'
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Life History
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the pattern of growth and associated distribution of reproductive across the lifetime
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What are the 2 major decisions (adaptations) reflecting life histories?
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-age at first reporduction (a)
-number of reporductive episodes -size vs. number of offspring |
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Semelparity
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breeding once
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Iteroparity
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Breeding multiple times
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Time and energy are _____
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limiting, which means growth and reproductive traits are traded off against each other
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What does natural selection favor in growth and reproductive traits?
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The best compromise
(ie: energy allocated to growth limits current reproduction) (ie: energy allocated to parental care limits offspring number) |
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What is adult body size proportional to?
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Duration of immature stages
and energy available for reproduction |
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Reproduction is physiolocially stressful, reducing what?
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prospects for future survival
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What does early reproduction reduce?
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w, age at last reproduction
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Reproduction effort
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sum of all energy allocated to reproduction
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When is iterparity favored?
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inclement conditions reduce ability to find food and invest in offspring
male dies/deserts, making it unlikely that the remaining parent could successfully complete the parenting predators of disease agents strike, especially if the clutch is LARGE space orother limitations may reduce the energy that can be currently invested |
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What are the 2 major decisions (adaptations) reflecting life histories?
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-age at first reporduction (a)
-number of reporductive episodes -size vs. number of offspring |
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Semelparity
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breeding once
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Iteroparity
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Breeding multiple times
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Time and energy are _____
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limiting, which means growth and reproductive traits are traded off against each other
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What does natural selection favor in growth and reproductive traits?
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The best compromise
(ie: energy allocated to growth limits current reproduction) (ie: energy allocated to parental care limits offspring number) |
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What is adult body size proportional to?
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Duration of immature stages
and energy available for reproduction |
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Reproduction is physiolocially stressful, reducing what?
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prospects for future survival
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What does early reproduction reduce?
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w, age at last reproduction
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Reproduction effort
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sum of all energy allocated to reproduction
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Semelparity of Iteroparity favored?
inclement conditions reduce ability to find food and invest in offspring |
iteroparity
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What is favored? Iteroparity or semelparity?
Mate dies/deserts making it unlikely that the remaining parent could successfuly complete the rearing |
Iteroparity
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What is favored? Iteroparity or semelparity?
favorable environmental conditions are short lived |
semelparity
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What is favored? Iteroparity or semelparity?
Predators or disease agents strike, especially likely if the clutch is large |
iteroparity
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What is favored? Iteroparity or semelparity?
survival rates of adults are very low |
semelparity
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What is favored? Iteroparity or semelparity?
space or other limitations may reduce the energy that can be currently invested |
iteroparity
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Is small or big size favored?
habitat of immature forms is short lived (ie frogs temp pools) |
being small
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Is small or big size favored?
interference competition between adults for mates, breeding sites, food |
being big
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Is small or big size favored?
predators are less likely to target them |
being big
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Is small or big size favored?
body buffers organism from changes in the environment |
being big
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Is small or big size favored?
survival rate across immature stages is lower than for adults |
being small
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Is small or big size favored?
energy to maintain a larger body is difficult to acquire |
being small
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Is small or big size favored?
short season for growth and reproduction |
being small
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Is small or big size favored?
mature more quickly, can breed earlier |
being small
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Is small or big size favored?
more likely to find refuges against predators |
being small
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Is small or big size favored?
can make more or larger offspring and may be more developed at birth |
being big
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Is being small or big favored?
can eat for things |
being big
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Is being small or big favored?
can more easily move to/between habitat patches |
being big
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Is being small or big favored?
longer time to maturity means more time to learn the niche |
being big
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Is this an advantage of having small or big offspring?
more canbe produced |
small
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Is this an advantage of having small or big offspring?
greater energy reserves reduced likelyhood of starvation, premits dispersal over a greater time before feeding |
big
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Is this an advantage of having small or big offspring?
disperse father |
small
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Is this an advantage of having small or big offspring?
benign or favorable conditions permit reproductinve success |
small
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Is this an advantage of having small or big offspring?
more likely to encounter a favorable environment away from the natal habitat |
small
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Is this an advantage of having small or big offspring?
less attractive to large predators |
small
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Is this an advantage of having small or big offspring?
have few energy reserves, must feed earlier or starve |
small
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Is this an advantage of having small or big offspring?
born at more advanced stage |
big
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Is this an advantage of having small or big offspring?
may require less parent attention |
big
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Is this an advantage of having small or big offspring?
may mature more quickly |
big
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Is this an advantage of having small or big offspring?
more competitive for food |
big
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Is this an advantage of having small or big offspring?
less attractive to small predators |
big
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what does natural selection favor?
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maximizing the number of grand offspring under all circumstances
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ecosystem
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a set of habitats or microhabitats untimately united byenergy flow
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biota
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community
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landscape
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a set of apposed, interating ecosystems
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population
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all the individuals of a species that live in sufficient proximity to each other to compete for the same resources
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community
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all the species sharing the same habitat
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habitat
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a localized area with specific physical conditions and biotic attributes
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benignity
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degree to which physical conditions are condicive to survival growth and reproduction
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most biodiverse environment?
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tropical
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what does adaptation to harsh condition permit?
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high biomass production, given high energy input
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low energy habitat
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less plant production
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high energy habitat
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lush plant growth favors specialized diets in birds.
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specialization increases what?
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energy gain via increased foraging efficiency
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trophic
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feeding relationship
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autotrophs
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self feeding
(ie phtosynthisis, plants algae, some protistans, some bacteria) |
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heterotrophs
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eat other organisms
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parasites
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heterotrophs that eat organisms while they are alive
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predators
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heterotrophs that eat organisms that are just killed
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scavengers
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heterotrophs that eat other organisms that are dead
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saprophytes
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heterotrophs that eat other organisms that are decaying
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deposit feeders
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heterotophs that eat other organisms that are already decayed (detritus)
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decomposers
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reduce bodies to small pieces, eat dead bits
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primary decomposers
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cause decomposition or decay
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secondary decomposers
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eat primary decomposers
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primary consumers
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eat autotroph
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secondary consumers
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eat herbivores
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omnivores
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herbivorous and carnivorous.
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toxins, digestibility inhibititors, mechanical detterents, biological detterents
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plants use these to defend themselves from herbivores.
toxins: alkaloids cardiac glycosides cyanogenic glucosides terpenes |
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trophic level
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heirarchy of feeding relationships within a comunity
level responds to number of energy likages between sunlight energy andthe organisms of that level |
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trophic level 1
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plants
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trophic level 2
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herbivores
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trophic level 3 or higher
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predators
(ie, 4 = predators of predators) |
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biomass
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the standing crop of a trophic level
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biomass pyramid
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greater mass at lower levels, greater standing crop at lower levels
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aquatic systems
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standing crop at level 1 is often small due to the high rate of turnover (short lifetime) of small primary producers
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food chain
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linear series of energy flows
links from lower to a higher trophic level |
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top predators
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are rare,
large size needs largehome ranges vulnerable to extinction when habitat is lost |
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HIPPO
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threats to biodiversity
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HIPPO:
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habitat destruction
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HIPPO:
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Invasive species
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HIPPO:
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population size (most important threat)
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HIPPO:
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pollution
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HIPPO:
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overharvested
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HIPPO
importance |
P H I P O
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Intrinsic forcings
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warming effect when greenhouse gasses are released into atmosphere
cooling release of aerosols |
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anthropogenic forcings
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intrinsic: human caused
deforestation, reforestation, direct release of GH gases |
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extrinsic forcings
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extra terrestrial
solar radiance Milankovich cyles |
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number of sunspots correlates with solar _________
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energy output
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correlation between solar activity and climate means?
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less solar activity ----->cooler
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surface air correlates strongly with levels of ???
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solar irradiance
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ozone
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in the stratosphere absorbs solar UV radiation
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albedo
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proportion of incident sunlight energy that is reflected back
WHITE CLOUDS account for 2/3 of earths albedo |
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radiation
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earth absorbs short radiation
emits as long radiation |
