Biology Final

Front 1

List the steps of the Scientific Method:

Back 1

1.Observe and form question
2.Research
3.hypothesis
4.experimentation/collect and analyze data
5.conclusion
6.repeat work
7.Theories and laws formed after enough trials have been done and repeated results are seen.

Front 2

Double Blind Verification

Back 2

Conclusions and results are sent out anonymously to scientists who were not involved in the original work, because everything is anonymous, all evaluators and scientists are unknown which assures no bias occurs.

Front 3

What is the Scientific Method?

Back 3

The scientific method is a required procedure that solves problems and proves validity and consistency in science.

Front 4

Control Group

Back 4

The standard used for comparison against other experimental groups.

Front 5

Variable/Experimental Group

Back 5

A group that is compared to the control group and is tested on/exposed to the variable.

Front 6

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

Back 6

A hypothesis is a testable explanation that has no proof of validity, a theory has been tested on multiple times, and is accurate.

Front 7

Independent Variable

Back 7

An independent variable is the variable that is varied or manipulated. The independent variable goes on the x-axis.

Front 8

Dependent Variable

Back 8

The dependent variable is the variable being effected by the independent variable. The dependent variable goes on the y-axis

Front 9

Biology

Back 9

The scientific study of life

Front 10

What is the Cell Theory?

Back 10

1. All living things are cellular.
2. Cells are the smallest functioning unit in all living things.
3. Cells come from prexisting cells.

Front 11

Hans Janssen

Back 11

invented the first compound microscope

Front 12

Robert Hooke

Back 12

first to use the word "cell", saw the cell wall of a cork plant.

Front 13

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Back 13

first to observe living cells (teeth scrapings). Called them "animalcules".

Front 14

Matthias Schleiden

Back 14

first to observe that all plants are made up of cells.

Front 15

Theodore Schwann

Back 15

first to put into concept that all living things are cellular.
*contributes to the first part of the cell theory

Front 16

Rudolph Virchow

Back 16

discovered that cells come from pre-existing cells. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.
*contributes to the third part of the cell theory

Front 17

Mitochondria

Back 17

makes energy for all eukaryotic cells. Has a cristae and 2 membranes(inner & outer)

Front 18

Nucleus

Back 18

the controlling organelle of the cell that contains the DNA

Front 19

Nucleolus

Back 19

contains the RNA and is inside of the nucleus

Front 20

Cell Membrane

Back 20

controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell

Front 21

Cell Wall

Back 21

protects and physically supports a cell; it goes around the plasma membrane and is only seen in plants

Front 22

Plastid

Back 22

organelles that function in photosynthesis or storage in plants

Front 23

Chloroplasts

Back 23

an energy organelle that photosynthesis occurs in. Contains thylakoid disks and stroma

Front 24

Amyloplasts

Back 24

organelles that are pigment free and store starch grains

Front 25

Golgi Body

Back 25

packages items inside the vesicle for shipment

Front 26

Nuclear Envelope

Back 26

surrounds the nucleoplasm. Like a cell membrane, it control what enters and leaves the nucleus

Front 27

Microtubles

Back 27

largest component of the cytoskeleton, is used to help keep organelles and cell structures in place or move them to new locations.

Front 28

Intermediate Filaments

Back 28

the second largest component of the cytoskeleton

Front 29

Microfilaments

Back 29

The smallest component of the cytoskeleton used for cell shrinkage, movement, and structural support

Front 30

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 30

the organelle existing in the cytoplasm that helps with transportation

Front 31

Smooth ER

Back 31

Part of the endomembrane system that lacks ribosome attatchement.

Front 32

Rough ER

Back 32

the production site of ribosomes

Front 33

Lysosome

Back 33

performs intracellular digestion

Front 34

Centriole

Back 34

is used in animal cell reproduction

Front 35

Prokaryotic Cells VS Eukaryotic Cells

Back 35

Prokaryotes: If a cell wall is present, contains pepidoglycon and is complex. It is smaller in size, has no membrane bound organelles except ribosomes, and has circular DNA.

Eukaryotes: If a cell wall is present, in contains cellulox and is simple. It is larger in size, contains all organelles, and has helical, linear, double-stranded DNA.

Front 36

Organizations of Life

Back 36

1. Atom
2. Molecule
3. Cell
4. Tissue
5. Organ
6. Organ-system
7. Multi-celled organism
8. Population
9. Community
10. Ecosystem
11. Biosphere

Front 37

Fluid Mosaic Model

Back 37

describes the structure of the cell. The fluid is smooth by lipid tails repelling water and the mosaic is bumpy with phosphate heads.

Front 38

Adhesion Protein

Back 38

helps form tissues

Front 39

Communication Protein

Back 39

sends out chemical messages to other proteins

Front 40

Receptor Proteins

Back 40

allows a cell to respond to other cells chemically communicated message

Front 41

Recognition Protein

Back 41

allows you immune cells to identify other cells as "friends"

Front 42

Transport Protein

Back 42

transports large materials in and out

Front 43

Glycoprotein

Back 43

tells cells when to stop dividing and where their neighbor cells are

Front 44

What is the volume formula?

Back 44

length x width x height

Front 45

What is the surface area formula?

Back 45

length x width x number of sides

Front 46

Surface-to-volume ratio

Back 46

restrains increase in cell size. An objects volume increase with the cube of its diameter and the surface area increase with the square

Front 47

Carbohydrates

Back 47

>0H
>used for energy and structure
>made up of saccarides
>EX: PASTA

Front 48

Proteins

Back 48

>NH2
>used to form tissue and cell membrane gates
>made up of amino acids that bond together using peptide bonds
>EX: MEAT & EGG

Front 49

Nucleic Acids

Back 49

>P
>makes up your RNA and DNA
>made up of monomers called nucleotides, which are phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Front 50

Lipids

Back 50

>C=O-OH
>used for insulation, cell membrane structure, and energy
>made up of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
>EX:OIL, BUTTER

Front 51

Sterols

Back 51

a special modified lipid in which the fatty acids are arranged in a ring format.
EX: STEROIDS

Front 52

Phospholipids

Back 52

if we remove one fatty acid and add a phosphate

Front 53

Carbon Traits

Back 53

Carbon is abundant, stable, versatile, and able to share a 4 outer valence electrons. Carbon is what makes a compound organic

Front 54

Catabolic

Back 54

breaking down

Front 55

Anabolic

Back 55

building up

Front 56

When is an atom in nirvana?

Back 56

When its valence is filled to the maximum occupancy

Front 57

Atomic Number

Back 57

number of protons

Front 58

Mass Number

Back 58

number of protons + neutrons

Front 59

How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?

Back 59

mass number(rounded) - atomic mumber

Front 60

Ionic Bond

Back 60

transfer of electrons from one atom to the other

Front 61

Covalent Bond

Back 61

atoms share electrons in their valence to fill it

Front 62

Polar Covalent Bond

Back 62

atoms share electron unequally and there is a slight charge.
HYDROPHILIC

Front 63

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

Back 63

atoms share electron equally and there is no charge.
HYDROPHOBIC

Front 64

Cation

Back 64

an ion that gives away electrons and becomes positivly charged

Front 65

Anion

Back 65

an ion that gains electron and becomes negativly charged

Front 66

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Back 66

Energy/mass cannot be created or destroyed, only converted

Front 67

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Back 67

Energy/mass cannot be converted at 100% efficiency

Front 68

pH

Back 68

the percent of hydrogen in H's or -OH's

Front 69

Acid

Back 69

the pH must be below 7 and it contains H's

Front 70

Base

Back 70

the pH must be above 7 and it contains -OH's

Front 71

Properties of Water

Back 71

polar covalent bond, temp. stabalizing, universal solvent, cohesive, ahdesive, neutral pH, less dense as a solid

Front 72

Passive Transport

Back 72

no energy required, moves with the concentration gradient

Front 73

Active transport

Back 73

energy required, moves against the concentration gradient

Front 74

Osmosis

Back 74

the movement of water from a high to low concentration

Front 75

Diffusion

Back 75

the movement of substances from a high to low concentration

Front 76

Endocytosis

Back 76

moving things inside the cell

Front 77

Exocytosis

Back 77

moving things out of the cell

Front 78

Aerobic

Back 78

requires oxygen

Front 79

Anaerobic

Back 79

absence of oxygen

Front 80

Energy

Back 80

the ability to do work

Front 81

Cellular Respiration

Back 81

Cellular Respiration:
Formula: C6H1206 + 602 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP +Heat
Cellular Respiration is the process in which heterotrophs break down carbohydrates (glucose) to make ATP. It takes place in the mitochondria.

Front 82

Glycolysis

Back 82

Glycolysis: (takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell)
*gross ATP= 4, net gain=2*
•The 6 carbon glucose is broken down into two 3 carbon Pyruvates.
•ATP is used to break down glucose into Pyruvates.
•This is an anaerobic process.

Front 83

Citric Acid Cycle

Back 83

Citric Acid Cycle: (takes place inside the mitochondria, but outside the cristae)
•Each pyruvate is broken down further.
•The CO2 from the broken Pyruvates are released as a waste product.
•NAD captures the hydrogen ions to be used for later.
•This is an aerobic process

Front 84

Electron Transport Chain

Back 84

Electron Transport Chain: (takes place in the mitochondria, past the cristae)
•Hydrogen ions are moved using NAD to the cristae.
•Hydrogen leaves the carrier NAD to go across the cristae and to oxygen. The hydrogen and oxygen bond together to make water.
•While moving across the cristae and to the oxygen, hydrogen creates a lot of energy that in turn is used to power the anabolic build of ATP.
•Once ETC is completed, chemi-osmosis is performed to move the water and ATP out of the mitochondria for use.

Front 85

Photosynthesis

Back 85

Photosynthesis:
Formula: 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP > C6H1206 + 602
The process in which autotrophs use ATP and sunlight to combine water (H20) and carbon dioxide (CO2) together to make glucose (C6H1206). It takes place in the chloroplast.

Front 86

Light Reactions

Back 86

Light Reactions (takes place in the thylakoid disks):
Formula:
•Light hits the electrons in the pigment Chlorophyll causing energy to be released.
•The energy released is used to split the water, this process is called photolysis.
•Once the water is split, NADP comes to pick up the hydrogen to take it to the stroma.
•ATP is charged while this is all taking place

Front 87

Calvin Cycle

Back 87

Calvin Cycle: (takes place in the stroma)
•ATP and NADPH are moved to the stroma.
•The stroma has pores called stomata that are watched by guard cells that allow carbon dioxide (CO2) to come in and oxygen to be released as a waste product.
•ATP is then used to bond the hydrogen taken from the NADPH to the carbon and oxygen we get from carbon dioxide (CO2).
•Finally, we get glucose (C6H1206).

Front 88

G1

Back 88

46 chromosomes; cell growth

Front 89

S

Back 89

92 chromosomes; DNA replication

Front 90

G2

Back 90

92 chromosomes; preparation for mitosis

Front 91

M

Back 91

46 chromosomes; mitosis/ division of the nucleus

Front 92

Cytokinesis

Back 92

46 chromosomes; division of everything else

Front 93

Haploid

Back 93

cell with half the number of chromosomes

Front 94

Diploid

Back 94

cell with regular number of chromosomes

Front 95

Somatic

Back 95

cell of the body

Front 96

Gametic

Back 96

sex cell

Front 97

Sexual Reproduction

Back 97

sperm + egg= zygote

Front 98

Zygote

Back 98

fertilized egg

Front 99

What did Watson and Crick discover?

Back 99

realized DNA was the molecule of inheritance and produced the 1st 3D model

Front 100

What did Franklin do?

Back 100

she provided the first x-ray of DNA

Front 101

What did Meselson and Stahl do?

Back 101

discovered DNA replication and semi-conservative replication

Front 102

What did Chargraff do?

Back 102

discovered the nucleotide bonding rules

Front 103

Prophase

Back 103

Nuclear envelope and nucleolus breaks downs and becomes invisible. Chromosomes are visible

Front 104

Metaphase

Back 104

Copied Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Front 105

Anaphase

Back 105

Chromosomes and the copy are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

Front 106

Telophase

Back 106

2 new nuclear envelopes reappear

Front 107

Cytokinesis

Back 107

follows mitosis to copy all other parts of the cell

Front 108

List the steps of Meiosis

Back 108

Interphase:92
P1:92
M1:92
A1:92
T1:46
Cytokinesis:46
Interkinesis:46
P2:46
M2:46
A2:46
T2:23

Front 109

Meiosis

Back 109

process of making gametes(sperm and egg)

Front 110

Mitosis

Back 110

nuclear division of somatic cells

Front 111

Ethanol Alcohol Fermetation

Back 111

Occurs after Glycolysis. Happens to yeast. When fngi break down matter and release alcohol and carbon dioxide

Front 112

Lactic Acid Fermetation

Back 112

Occurs after Glycolysis and happens to muscles when animals run out of oxygen. A build up of lactic acid causes soreness

Front 113

How to replicate DNA

Back 113

1. unwind double helix using helicase to break the hydrogen bonds
2. stabalize open strands with histones
3. copy DNA using DNA polymerase
4. check for errors using DNA ligase