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233 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bond where electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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ionic bond
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bond where electrons are shared between atoms
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covalent bond
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how many electrons shared in double covalent bond
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4
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how many electrons shared in triple covalent bond
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6
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are lower pH numbers more or less acidic
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more acidic
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a chemical reaction requires what to happen
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bonds are broken in reactants and new bonds formed in products
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what is the most abundant compound in living things
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carbon
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what are the elements in SPONCH that comprise all living things
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sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen
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what are the four main macromolecules of living things
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carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
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what monomers are carbohydrates made up of
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monosaccharides
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name a common monosaccharide
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glucose
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many monosaccharides join to form what
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polysaccharides
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nae a common polysaccharide
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glycogen
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what is the main function of carbohydrates
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source of energy
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lipids of made up of what monomers
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glycerol and fatty acids
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a lipid that contains the maximum number of hydrogen bonds is what
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saturated
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what is main function of lipids
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store energy
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what monomers make up nucleic acids
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nucleotides
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what are nucleotides made up
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5 carbon sugar, phosphate groups, and nitrogen base
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name two nucleic acids and sugars found in each
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rna- ribose
and dna- deoxyribose |
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what is main function of nucleic acid
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contain and transmit hereditary info
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what monomers are proteins made up
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amino acids
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what is main function of proteins
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regulate cell processes
control rate of reactions |
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what type of protein acts as a biological catalyst
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enzyme
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what is main role of enzyme
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speed up chemical reaction
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how does enzyme speed up chemical reaction
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by lowering the activation energy needed
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what are two factors that regulate enzyme activity
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temperature
pH |
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what is a chemical substrate
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the reactants of a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme
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what is a population
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group of individuals of the same species living in the same area
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what is a community
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different populations living in the same area
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what is an ecosystem
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living and nonliving parts of the environment
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what is a biome
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group of ecosystems with same climate and similar communities
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what is main energy source for life on earth
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sun
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an autotroph is also called a producer, why?
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use energy from sun (or sometimes chemicals) to produce food
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name three different types of heterotrophs or consumers
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herbivores, omnivores, carnivores
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the steps in which organisms transfer energy through an ecosystem is called what
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food chain
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the complex feeding interactions in an ecosystem is called what
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food web
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what is a trophic level
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each step in a food chain
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what is the first step in a trophic level
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producers and decomposers
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what is the second, third, or fourth step in a trophic level
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consumer
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name 3 types of ecological pyramids
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energy pyramid, biomass pyramid, pyramid of numbers
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what do ecological pyramids show
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the amount of energy in each trophic level in a food chain or web
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what percent of energy is passed to the next trophic level in an energy pyramid
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10%
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is matter or energy recycled in the biosphere
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matter
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why can matter be recycled in the biosphere
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because living things don't use it up, they transform it
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name two biotic factors in an ecosystem
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plant, animal, bacteria
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name two abiotic factors in an ecosystme
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temperature, precipitation, humidity
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what is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and functions called
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niche
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name 3 types of community interactions
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competition, predation, symbiosis
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name 3 types of symbiosis
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mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
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what type of symbiosis is one unharmed and the other benefits
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commensalism
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in the 3rd and 4th trophic level of an energy pyramid, how much energy is available
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1% and .1%
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the number of individuals per unit area is called what
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population density
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for immigration and emigration say which is movement in and which is movement out
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immigration- movement of inviduals into area
emigration- movement out of area |
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name 3 factors that affect population size
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number of births
number of deaths number entering or leaving |
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what kind of growth results when population reproduces at constant rate
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exponential growth
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under what conditions does a population grow exponentially
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ideal conditions
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what kind of growth results when a population's growth slows or stops
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logistic growth
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the largest number of individuals an environment can support is called what
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carrying capacity
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main difference between eukaryote and prokaryote
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prokaryote- no nucleus
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function of cell wall
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support and protection for cell
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is cell wall found in plant and animal
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only plant
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function of nucleus
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controls cell processes and contains heretiary material
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DNA is found in what part of the cell
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nucleus
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when a cell divides, chromatin condenses to form what
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chromosome
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where does the assembly of proteins begin
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nucleolus
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double-membrane layer surrounding nucleus
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nuclear envelope
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nuclear pores of nuclear envelope do what
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allow materials to move in and out of nucleus
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2 functions of cytoskeleton
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helps cell maintain shape
involved in cell movement |
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where are proteins assembled
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on ribosomes
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ribosomes are made up of what 2 things
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ribosomal rna and proteins
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what organelle is involved in synthesis of proteins
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
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rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with what
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ribosomes
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what organelle contains enzymes that attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins
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golgi apparatus
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what are lysosomes filled with
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enzymes
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function of enzymes in lysosomes
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break down lipids, carbohydrates, proteins
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function of vacuoles
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store materials as water
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function of chloroplast
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use energy of sun to make food
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function of mitochondria
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use energy from food to power cell
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main difference between plant and animal cell
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plants have cell wall and chloroplasts and lysosomes and animals don't
animals have lysosomes and plants don't |
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name types of eukaryotes
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plants, animals, fungi
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name type of prokaryote
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bacteria
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which have more specialized cell- prokaryote or eukaryote
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eukaryote
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does a prokaryote have hereditary material even though it lacks nucleus
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yes
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is energy required in diffusion
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no
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in diffusion, do substances move to more or less concentrated area
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less concentrated
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what does selectively permeable mean
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some substances are allowed to pass through membrane but others aren't
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diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called what
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osmosis
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water moves across a membrane in osmosis to more or less concentrated sugar molecules/sugar solution
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more concentrated sugar molecule/sugar solution
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water moves across a membrane in osmosis to side of higher or lower water concentration
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lower water concentration
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what happens to animal cell placed in hypotonic solution
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swells and bursts
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what happens to plant cell placed in hypotonic solution
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vacuoles swell and push against cell wall
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what happens to animal cell in hypertonic solution
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cells shrink
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what happens to plant cell in hypertonic solution
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vacuoles collapse
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what happens to plant and animal cells in isotonic solution
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nothing. no gain or loss of water
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during what kind of diffusion does glucose pass in and out of cell
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facilitated diffusion
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during facilitated diffusion, glucose, salt, etc can't pass through membrane so how does it enter cell
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through protein channel
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during facilitated diffusion, substances move in what direction
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higher to lower concentration
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does facilitated diffusion require energy
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no
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during active transport, substances move in what direction
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lower to higher concentration
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name 3 parts of atp
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sugar (ribose)
3 phosphate groups nitrogen compound (adenine) |
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what molecule formed when energy released from atp
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adp
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what is removed from atp to release energy
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phosphate group
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in photosynthesis, 6 molecules of water and 6 molecules of carbon dioxide produce what
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6 molecules of sugar and 6 molecules of oxygen
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gas used in photosynthesis
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carbon dioxide
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gas produced in photosynthesis
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oxygen
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what pigment is used to capture light in photosynthesis
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chlorophyll
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what are the products of the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis
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oxygen, atp, nadph
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where does photosynthesis take place
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chloroplasts
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where is chlorophyll found in the chloroplast
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thylakoids
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where in chloroplast does light-dependent part of photosynthesis occur
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in thylakoid membranes
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where in chloroplast does calvin cycle take place
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in stroma
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what visible part of spectrum is not absorbed by chlorophyll
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green region
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products of calvin cycle
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6 carbon sugar, adp, nad+
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what is cellular respiration
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breakdown of food in presence of oxygen to produce energy
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name 3 parts of cellular respiration and where occur
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glycolysis-cytoplasm
krebs cycle, electron transport- mitochondria |
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in cellular respiration, 6 moleculars of oxygen and 6 molecules of glucose produce what
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6 molecules of carbon dioxide, 6 molecules of water, and energy (ATP)
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glycolysis produces how many NET atp molecules
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2 atp
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name two types of fermentation
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alcoholic
lactic acid |
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what acid is used in fermentation
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pyruvic acid
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fermentation occurs in aerobic or anaerobic conditions
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anaerobic
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in krebs cycle, what converts adp to atp
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high-energy electrons
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dna replication occurs in what part of cell cycle
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s phase
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cell growth occurs in what part of cell cycle
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g1 phase
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preparation for mitosis occurs in what part of cell cycle
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g2 phase
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cell division occurs in what part of cell cycle
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m phase
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2 main parts of cell division
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mitosis and cytokinesis
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in mitosis, chromosomes align across center of cell when
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metaphase
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in mitosis, chromosomes gather at opposite ends of cell when
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telophase
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in mitosis, chromatin condenses into chromosomes when
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prophase
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in mitosis, sister chromatids move apart when
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anaphase
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in mitosis, cell pinches in half when
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cytokinesis
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what are 3 parts of interphase
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g1, s phase, g2
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name 4 parts of mitosis
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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when chromosome replicates, the sister chromatids are attached where
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at centromere
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uncontrolled cell growth results in
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cancer
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what was mendel studying with his pea plants
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inheritance
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offspring of parents with different traits results in
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hybrids
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different forms of a gene are called
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alleles
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if a short pea plant is crossed to a tall pea plant and all the f1 offspring are tall which trait is dominant and which is recessive
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tall-dominant
short- recessive |
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if a gene is homozygous, does it have same or different alleles
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same
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genes for different traits (as seed shape and color)segregate independently from each other in what principle
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principle of independent assortment
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if a cow has a gene for hair color with 1 allele red and 1 allele white and the cow's offspring have both red and white hairs, the alleles are showing what kind of dominance
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codominance
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if a white-flowered plant is crossed with a red-flowered plant and the offspring have pink flower, what kind of dominance
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incomplete dominance
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if a gene has multiple alleles, it has more than how many
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more than two
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crossing over of chromosomes occurs when
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meiosis
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when chromosomes cross-over when pairing up in meiosis, what is exchanged
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alleles
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crossing-over in chromosomes produces what
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new combinations of alleles
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how many chromosomes in a normal human karyotype
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46
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how many autosomal chromosomes and how many sex chromosomes in human karyotype
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2 sex chromosomes
44 autosomes |
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what is probability of male and female
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50%
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male sex chromosomes
female sex chromosomes |
male XY
female XX |
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chromoome carries most sex-linked genes
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x chromosome
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why does male have greater chance of having sex-linked disorder
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only has 1 x chromosome so all x-linked alleles expressed
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color blindness and hemophilia are examples of what
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sex-linked disorders
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when homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, this is called what
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nondisjunction
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example of nondisjunction
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down syndrome
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dna sugar
rna sugar |
dna- deoxyribose
rna- ribose |
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2 main types of nitrogen bases in rna and dna
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purines and pyrimidines
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names dna bases
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adenine, guanine
cytosine, thymine |
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name rna bases
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adenine, guanine
cytosine, uracil |
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the one base that differs in rna and dna
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dna-thymine
rna-uracil |
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dna and rna both made up of repeating what
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nucleotides
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3 types of rna
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messenger rna- mRNA
ribosomal rna- rRNA transfer rna- tRNA |
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where does transcription take place
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nucleus
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where does translation take place
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in ribosomes in cytoplasm
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what is produced by transcription
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rna strand complementary to dna
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what parts of rna strand are cut out of rna made by transcription
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introns
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exons are spliced back together to form
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mRNA
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during translation, mRNA is used to produce what
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proteins
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the three bases on tRNA are called what
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anticodon
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what does codon specify
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amino acid
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amino acids are joined in translation to form what
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protein
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what type of RNA contains the codon
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mRNA
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why are there 64 codons but only 20 amino acids
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more than one codon specifies the same amino acid
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what is the significance of the patterns of diversity darwin saw on the galapagos
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different specifies evolved to use different specialized habitats.
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what types of diversity did darwin see in the tortoise and finches
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tortoises- differences in shell shape and neck length
finches- differences in bill shape |
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names of darwins publication
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origin of species
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hutton and lyell helped scientists recognize what
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earth was millions of years old
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natural selection contributes to an organism's what
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fitness
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in artificial selection who selects which traits are most desirable
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humans
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what can be assumed about organisms with similar physical characteristics
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descended from common ancestor
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why do biologists used classification system
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to group organisms in logical manner for study
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binomial name is made up of what and which is capitalized
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genus- capitalized
and species - not cap |
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Linnaeus classification's 7 categories
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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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wings and flippers are examples of what
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convergent evolution
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do animals with convergent evolution share common ancestor
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no
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name 6 kingdoms
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eubacteria, archaebactera, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
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prokaryotes can be found in what 2 kingdoms
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eubacteria, archaebacteria
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eukaryotes can be found in what 4 kingdoms
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protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
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what are the 3 domains
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bacteria, archaea, eukarya
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bacteria are found in what 2 domains
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bacteria, archaea
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what was the domain system based on
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molecular analysis
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organisms used to be classed according to physical appearance but now are classed according to what
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ancestry, evolutionary descent
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cladograms are based on what
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evolutionary descent
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what is at the center of a virus
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core of rna or dna
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the protein coat of a virus is called what
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capsid
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viruses cause infections by lytic or lysogenic infection. describe each
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lytic- enters cell, makes copies, and causes cell to burst
lysogenic- incorporates it's dna into the dna of the host. the host cell then replicates the viruses dna with it's own |
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where does chemical digestion begin
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mouth
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chemical digestion involves what substances in mouth and stomach
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mouth- amylase
stomach- hydrochloric acid and enzyme- pepsin |
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what is broken down by pepsin
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protein
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where does digestion begin
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mouth
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what is broken down by amylase
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starch
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where does the esophagus pass food to and how
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to stomach by peristalsis
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what are two types of digestion that occur in mouth and stomach
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mechanical and chemical
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where does most chemical digestion occur
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small intestine
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the pancreas and liver produce substances that help with digestion in what organ
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small intestine
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function of villi in small intestine
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to absorb and carry away nutrients in blood
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where are most nutrients absorbed
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small intestine
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function of large intestine
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remove water from undigested material
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what is smallest type of blood vessel
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capillary
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where is urine stored
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bladder
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name 3 parts of excretory system
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skin, lungs, kidneys
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function of kidney
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remove waste and extra water from blood to form urine
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which vessels carry oxygenated blood away from heart
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arteries
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path of pulmonary circulation
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right side heart pumps oxygen poor blood to lungs
oxygenated blood goes from lungs to left side heart |
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path of systemic circulation
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left side heart pumps oxygen rich blood to body
oxygen poor blood from body returns to right side heart |
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what is atherosclerosis
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fat builds up on walls of arteries
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hypertension is also called what
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high blood pressure
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hypertension causes the heart to do what
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pump harder
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3 types of blood cells
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red blood cells
white blood cells platelets |
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what type of blood cells carry oxygen
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red blood cells
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what type of blood cells fight infection by attacking foreign substances or organisms
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white blood cells
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what type of blood cell helps in clotting
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platelets
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what blood cell clumps at the site of injury to a blood vessel
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platelets
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platelets release thromboplatin which converts prothrombin into thrombin. What does thrombin do?
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converts fibrinogen into fibrin to causes a clot
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name 6 parts of respiratory system
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nose, pharyn, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
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air moves from pharynx into where
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larynx
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pharynx carries what 2 things
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air and food
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where do bronchi lead to
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lungs
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in lungs, where does gas exchange occur
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alveoli
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what two gases are exchanged in alveoli
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oxygen and carbon dioxide
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what does oxygen bind to in red blood cells
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hemoglobin
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