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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chemiosmotic gradients in the mitochondria and chloroplast store energy in production. True of False?
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TRUE
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What is Cancer?
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an uncontrolled cell division
DNA or protieins damaged by carcinogen or genetically inherited Carcinogen: radiation, chemicals,viral |
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Cytokinesis is what?
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division of cytoplasm
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what are the phases of mitosis in order
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Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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what happens in the phases of the cell cycle
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Interphase - growth period of cell, longest stage of cell life
G1 phase - growth S phase - DNA replication G2 phase - preparation for mitosis Cell Division cytokinesis and mitosis |
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What are Obligate Intracellular Parasites?
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viruses unable to reproduce or grow out side of the cell
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What are viroids?
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single strand of RNA
Infect cell and synthesize new viroids Disrupt growth of plant cell |
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What are prions?
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made up of only protein
Misfolded protein causes - Mad Cow, scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jacob Nervous tissue with prions must be ingested. |
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What is a lytic infection
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a virus that enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst
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What is a lysogenic infection
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a vorus that integrates its DNA into DNA of the host, replicated along with host cell's DNA, viral DNA called a prohage,has an inactive period, once acticated it continues with the lytic cycle
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What are Bacteriophages and retroviruses?
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Bacterio - virus thats infects bacteria
Retrovirus - virus that contains RNA (HIV) |
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What is a capsid?
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a protein coat that surrounds DNA or RNA
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Describe DNA.
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fairly stable from radical mutations
examples polio, small pox |
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Describe RNA.
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mutations are common
examples influenza, HIV, and Ebola |
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What are pathogens?
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viruses
fungi bacteria protists worms |
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What are Allergies?
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An OVERREACTION of the immune system
Mast cells release histamines when allergic antigens attach to it (ichtiness, mucus production etc.) |
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What is Asthma?
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Narrowing of the air passages by the spasm contractions of the smooth muscle
ITS A REACTION TO ANTIGENS OR STRESS RELATED |
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What are Autoimmune Disorders?
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Your own immune system attacking you.
production of "antiself" antibodies (multiple sclerosis, rhematoid arthritis, Lupus) |
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What are Immunodeficient Dieases?
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Failure of the immune system to develop normally
Pathogen could be destroying WBC's (AIDS, Boy in the Bubble) |
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What is a diease?
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any change other than injury that disrupts normal body functions
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What are vectors?
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animals that carry pathogens
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What's the first line of nonspecific defense?
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skin mucus sweat tears
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What's the second line of nonspecific defense?
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inflammatory reponses
dilated blood vessels from histamine release interferon - chemical secreted by infected cells to protect other cells from infection |
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Lymphocytes do what?
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recognize specif antigens:
B cells - humoral immunity T cells - cell - mediated immunity |
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What are Macrophages?
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white blood cells which consume infected cells
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HUMORAL IMMUNITY
What is antibody mediated immunity?(5 steps) |
1. Antigen recognized by specific B cell
2. B cells produce large #s of plasma and memory B cells 3. Plasma cells release antibodies 4. antibodies bid to antigen 5. memory cells prevent another infection |
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What is active immunity?
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bodys reaction to an antigen, makes own antibodies
- Vaccination, injection of weaked or mild form of pathogen, can trigger it |
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What is Passive immunity?
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- antibodies produce by another organism injected into bloodstream
- lasts short time, temporary |
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Do antibodies recognize and bid to SPECIFIC antigens?
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YES
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What are the cell - mediated immunity steps once pathogens are inside the cell?
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1. Killer T cell track down pathogen
2. Helper T cell can activate killer T's 3. Memory T cells are produced after exposure 4. Suppressor T cells shut down killer T cells once attack under control |
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What are memory B - cells?
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immediately activated to produce antibodies that will bind to the antigen of invader
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What are memory T - cells?
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cells that will immediately stimulate killer T calls to multiply to fight the battle
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What is a homologous pair?
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1 chromosome pair
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What is a diloid cell?
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2 whole sets (2N)
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What is a haploid cell?
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1 set ex: (sex cells)(1N)
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How many phases of meiosis are there?
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2
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When does crossing over take place?
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in prophase 1
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What is the male gamete formation
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1. produce 4 sperm from 1 cell
2. each are haploid 46 23 +23 23 23 23 23 |
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What is the female gamete formation
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1. produce haploid eggs
2. cell division are uneven 3. only one cell receives most of the cytoplasm 4. other smaller cells are called polar bodies 46 23 ___ 23__ __ __ 23 |
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Describe mitosis
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produce new cells cell growth/replacement
2. occurs int he body cells (somatic) 3. diploid to diploid starts with 1 ends with 2 includes 1 division |
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Describe meiosis.
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1. produces sex cells
2. occurs in sex (gametes) cells diploid to haploid 3. starts with 1 cell ends with 4 sex cells 4. includes 2 divisons |
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What are steriod hormones?
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they are hormones produced from cholestrol(lipid). able to cross cell membranes of target cell
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What are nonsteriod hormones?
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protein bases cannot pass through cell membrane must bind to receptor on cell surface of target cell.
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What is the Endocrine System?
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Maintain homeostasis in the body with the use of chemical messengers (hormones).
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What are the structes used in the Endocrine system?
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Hypothalmus, pituitary gland, pancreas,kidney, ovary, testes, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal gland
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Homeostasis is what kind of act?
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BALANCING ACT
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