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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bacteria Parts
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Cell Wall
Cell Membrane Nucleoid Plasmids Ribosomes Cytoplasm |
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Bacteria - Cell Wall Parts
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Flagella (long)
Fimbriae (short) |
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Bacteria - Nucleoid
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Circular DNA
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Plasmids
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Extra Nucleoid DNA
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Bacteria Reproduction
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Binary Fission (Mitosis)
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Binary Fission (steps)
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1) DNA makes a copy
2) Cell divides in two 3) Identical cells are produced |
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Endospores
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*Response to abnormal environments
*Forms a chromosome copy inside protective layers *Extreme temperature or radiation may destroy them |
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Bacteria - Metabolism
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*Producers
*Consumers *Decomposers |
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Symbiotic Lifestyle Types
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Mutualistic
Commensalistic Parasitic |
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Mutualistic
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both benefit - intestine
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Commensalistic
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one benefits, other not hurt or helped - skin
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Parasitic
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one benefits, other hurt - disease causing
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Bacteria Classification
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Shape (round, rod, curved)
Arrangements (clusters, chains) Dye Absorbtion |
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Bacteria Shapes
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Bacillus
Coccus Spirillus |
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Bacillus
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rod
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Coccus
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circle
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Spirillus
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curved
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Cyanobacteria
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*Photosynthetic - many colors
*Often found in groups *Move (glide, oscillate) *Some produce heterocysts that are involved in Nitrogen Fixation |
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Bacterial Illnesses
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Syphillus, Cholera, Tetanus, Typhoid, Anthrax, Plague, Salmonella, Lyme, Botulism, Meningitis, Pneumonia
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Water and Slime Molds
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*Extracellular digestion
*Form sporangia and spores - develop into amoeba-like cells - form masses |
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Algae begin (kingdom)
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Plant Kingdom
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Protozoans begin (kingdom)
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Animal Kingdom
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Water/Slime Molds begin (kingdom)
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Fungi Kingdom
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Algae Illnesses
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Dinoflagellates - red tide
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Protozoa Illnesses
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Dysentery, Giardia, Pneumonia
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Water Molds Problem
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Potato Famine of 1840s
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Algae (beneficial aspects)
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*Produce major amount of oxygen
*Agar - gel electrophoresis *Foods |
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Protozoa (beneficial aspects)
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Indicate to geologist where oil may be found
Early food for many of our foods |
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Viruses (structure)
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Protein coat or caspid
DNA or RNA Tail Envelope Cell Membrane from host cell |
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Viruses (classification)
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Type of nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)
Size and shape of capsid Presence or absence of envelope or tail |
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Evolution of viruses
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Uncertain
Perhaps a step on the road to life Conection to host cell suggets viruses may have evolved after cells so maybe not a step on the road to life |
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Virus Reproduction
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1)Invades cell
2) Uses DNA/materials of cell 3)Makes new viruses 4) May or may not kill cell to release virus |
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Retroviruses
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RNA virus with a DNA stage
Contains reverse transcriptase HIV is an example |
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Viral Infections
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Specific type of host: bacteria, plant or animal
Some human viruses specific for type of tissue No cure - antibiotics do not work - treat symptoms only Innoculation/Vaccination ex. Polio |
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Viral Illnesses
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Ebola, Chicken Pox, HIV, Smallpox, Cold/Flu, Hepatitis, Rabies, Polio
Pneumonia, Meningitis (can also be bacterial) |
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Viroids
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RNA without capsid
Plants affected |
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Prion
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Protein particles only
Animals affected (i.e. Mad Cow Disease) |
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Fungi Structure
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Multi-celled
Nucleus Cell Wall Organelles NO chloroplasts |
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Fungi Reproduction
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sexually and asexually
Major part of the fungus is hidden from view - inside what is being decomposed. We see reproductive part only. One spore lands, sends out hyphae. Meet hyphae from another spore. Combine nuclei Spores form from this combination |
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Fungi Classification
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Based on how the spores are held
Bread molds (zygospore) Sac and Cup Fungi (Imperfect) Club Fungi (Gill Fungi) |
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Bread Molds
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Destroy many food, not just breads.
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Sac/Cup and Imperfect Fungi (benefits)
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Making foods (yeast)
Flavoring cheeses (bleu cheese) Foods themselves (morels, truffles) Medicines (penicillin) Microscopic |
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Club Fungi
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Typical mushrooms
Puffballs Shelf fungus Gills visible |
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Fungal Relationships
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Lichen - fungi and a photosynthetic green algae or cyanobacteria
Controlled parasitism Photosynthetic partner survives but fungi dies without the other |
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Mycorrhizae
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Mutualism - plant and fungi
Plant provides food for fungi Fungi provides larger source of water and nutrients Very few plants are not this way |
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Fungal Diseases
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Mildews, Athlete's foot, Ringworm, Yeast Infections
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Plant Kingdom - Protist Connection
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Algae were photosynthetic
Had various pigments already present. But are dependent on water (diffusion) |
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Water Dependence
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In water, need only diffusion for transport of water.
On land, not surrounded by water, so diffusion not as good. Need new transport system. Water buoyancy supports large size - not on land. So need support system. |
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Spores
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Carry DNA for new plant to new location - have no special adaptations for transport.
Genetically similar organisms compete with one another. Spores are beneficial to get plant away from parent. |
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Liverworts and Mosses
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Small - diffusion okay.
Live in moist areas - water okay. Small - no need for support system. Sperm problem: only produce when very wet. |
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Moss Reproduction
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1) Moisture covers the plant
2)Sperm travels from one moss plant to another. 3) Capsule forms from union of sperm and egg 4) Sperm and egg make sporaphyte (made in gametophyte) 5) Spores released from capsule |
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Mosses and Liverworts
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Non-vascular
Spore/Seedless |
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Ferns and Fern Allies
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Vascular
Lignin strengthens cell walls Spore reproduction |
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Ferns and Fern Allies (reproduction)
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Still need water, but gametophyte small and easily covered by water for sperm.
Reproduce by means of spores, not seeds. |
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Importance of Seeds
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Seed coat - can survive inclement times, protective layer.
Developing embryo - already present. Food source for embryo - present in the form of starch. |
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Gymnosperms
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gymno - naked; sperm - seed
Reproduce and form seeds. Spore is one step in developing pollen and egg cells. |
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Gymnosperm reproduction
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The seed has few layers of cells around it at the time of pollination.
Pollen lands on ovule. Seeds will form. Pollen has adaptations to be carried on the wind. |
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Angiosperms
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Flowering plants.
Flowering trees. Grasses. |
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Seed Adaptations
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Animals carry them.
Some seeds can pass through digestive tract and still germinate. |
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Gymno vs. Angio
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Angio: Better at getting pollen to proper plants (not dependent on wind)
Better at getting seeds away from the mother plant. More energy available due to climate. Gymno: Smaller leaves, less water loss. Cone-shaped to get sun to all leaves. Some are evergreens, so photosynthesize year round. |
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Domain Eukarya
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Animal Kingdom
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Eukarya Characteristics
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Multi-celled
Mobile Heterotrophic |
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Classification
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Body form: Coelomate, Pseudoceolomate, Aceolomate
Symmetry: Asymmetric, Radially Symmetric, Bilaterally Symmetric Invertebrate, Vertebrate |
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Coelomate
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body wall, fluid filled cavity, no supporting gut
Some cushioning from movement |
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Acoelomate
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Movement impacts digestion
Body wall, gut, tissue layers between |
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Pseudocoelomate
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Some cushioning from movement
Body wall, tissue layers, fluid filled cavity, gut |
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Asymmetric
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Free-form
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Radially Symmetric
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like a wheel
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Bilaterally Symmetric
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right and left sides
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Sponges
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Asymmetric
Aceolomate Invertebrate |
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Cnidarians
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Radially Symmetric
Acoelomate Invertebrate |
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Flatworms
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Bilaterally Symmetric
Acoelomate Invertebrate |
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Roundworms/Rotifers
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Bilaterally Symmetric
Pseudocoelomate Invertebrate |
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Segmented Worms, Arthropods, Molluscs
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Bilaterally Symmetric
Coelomates Invertebrates Special coiled gut increases nutrition |
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Echinoderms
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Bilaterally symmetric as juveniles, radial as adults
Coelomate Invertebrate |
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Chordates
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Bilaterally Symmetric
Coelomate Invertebrate/Vertebrate All have notochord All have hollow dorsal nerve cord |
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Notocord to Vertebrate
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Cartilage notocord develops into individual vertebrate in embriaonic stages of vertebrate.
Notocord to Vertebral Column. Gives flexibility while retaining strength. |
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Jawless to Jawed
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Allows for more diverse foods and better nutrition.
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Gills to Lungs
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Allows for gas exchange on land.
Amphibians - gills as juvenile, lungs as adult. Air or swim bladder - possible transition. |
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Fins to Legs
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Allows for better movement in water and on land.
Bones in fish fins may be start of leg development. |
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Fertilization and Development
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External to Internal Reproduction.
Need fewer sperm/eggs. Increases likelihood of offspring surviving to birth. Further parental care ensures more survival. |
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External Development
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External Fertilization
External Development Ex. Marsupials - born less developed, move to pouch |
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Evolutionary Trends in Chordates
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1. Invertebrate to Vertebrate
2. Jawless to Jawed 3. Fins to Limbs 4. Gills to Lungs 5. External to Internal Fertilization and Development |
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What separates humans from apes?
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Brain size.
Upright walking. Tooth/Jaw/Facial Features |
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Foramen Magnum
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Gorilla is closer to back
Human is closer to middle |
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Bipedalism
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Human has angle at knee
Cat is straight at knee Acetabulum and Sacrum far apart in ape, close in humans Great apes are quadrupeds Human walks upright |
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Feet
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Gorilla more hand-like
Chimp more hand-like Bonobo more hand-like Human not hand-like |
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Brain Size
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Human is larger
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Face
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Gorilla - angled due to protruding jaw
Human - straighter |
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Large Canines/Diastema
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Gorilla has both
Human does not |
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Jaw differences
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Gorilla - rectangular
Human - arched |
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Sahelanthropus
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Nothing below skull
May be more chimp ancestor |
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Orrorin
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Bipedal
No skull May be more human than chimp |
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Ardipithecus Ramidus
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Bipedal
Small brain May be Australopithicus Not a lot of material found thus far. |
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Australopithicus
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Comparative Anatomy
Transitional between human/chimp ancestor |
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Australopithicus afarensis
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Footprints
Extensive bones - "Lucy" and "First family" |
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Kenyanthropus
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Controversy: Australopithicus or not?
Bipedal Small brain |
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Parenthropus Robustus
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Also known as Australopithicus
Some differents in hands between Paranthropus and Australopithicus Some evidence of tool making Responsible for moving Lucy out of main line of human ancestry |
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Parenthropus Robustus africanus
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First specimen to show bipedalism before brain size
Taung Child |
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Homo Habilis
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Tool use and manufacture
Large brain size |
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Homo Erectus
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Even larger brain
Controlled use of fire Thus movement to other areas |
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Homo Neandertalensis
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Improved tools
Brain size - bigger than us Poorer speech ability May have had beginnings of culture - burial rights |
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Homo Sapiens
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Anatomically Modern
Complex speech possible Culture present Paintings used pigments and methods found in aboriginal groups today Can tell about animals/hunting Tools and jewelry |
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I hate Biology 101.
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with a passion.
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