Biology Final 2

Front 1

Protein

Back 1

A large, complex molecule composed of long chains of amino acids linked by a peptide bond

Front 2

Lock and Key

Back 2

The specific action of an enzyme with a single substrate can be explained using a Lock and Key analogy first postulated in 1894 by Emil Fischer. In this analogy, the lock is the enzyme and the key is the substrate. Only the correctly sized key (substrate) fits into the key hole (active site) of the lock (enzyme).

Smaller keys, larger keys, or incorrectly positioned teeth on keys (incorrectly shaped or sized substrate molecules) do not fit into the lock (enzyme). Only the correctly shaped key opens a particular lock.

Front 3

Hydrocarbons

Back 3

A compound containing atoms of only carbon and hydrogen.

Front 4

Isomer

Back 4

molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of chemical bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently

Front 5

Compound Microscope

Back 5

A microscope with more than one lens.

Front 6

Stereo Microscope

Back 6

device used to analyze side-by-side specimens. It consists of two microscopes connected to an optical bridge, which results in a split view window.

Front 7

Diffusion

Back 7

going from high to low concentration

Front 8

Osmosis

Back 8

The net movement of water molecules from a region of high water potential to a region of lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane

Front 9

Kinetic Energy

Back 9

The energy possessed by an object because of its motion, equal to one half the mass of the body times the square of its velocity.

Front 10

Exocytosis

Back 10

the process by which a cell directs secretory vesicles to the cell membrane. These membrane-bound vesicles contain soluble proteins to be secreted to the extracellular environment, as well as membrane proteins and lipids that are sent to become components of the cell membrane.

Front 11

Endocytosis

Back 11

a process whereby cells absorb material (molecules such as proteins) from the outside by engulfing it with their cell membrane. It is used by all cells of the body because most substances important to them are polar and consist of big molecules, and thus cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma membrane. The function of endocytosis is the opposite of exocytosis.

Front 12

Active Transport

Back 12

the mediated transport of biochemicals, and other atomic/molecular substances, across membranes. Unlike passive transport, this process requires the expenditure of cellular energy to move molecules "uphill" against a gradient.

Front 13

Passive Transport

Back 13

a means of moving biochemicals, and other atomic or molecular substances, across membranes. Unlike active transport, this process does not involve chemical energy

Front 14

Prokaryotic

Back 14

an organism characterized by the absence of a nuclear membrane and by DNA that is not organized into chromosomes.

Front 15

Eukaryotic

Back 15

organisms with a complex cell or cells, where the genetic material is organized into a membrane-bound nucleus or nuclei.

Front 16

Respiration

Back 16

the process by which cells obtain chemical energy by the consumption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide

Front 17

Anaerobic

Back 17

oxidation of molecules in the absence of oxygen monoxide

Front 18

Glycolysis

Back 18

The cellular degradation of the simple sugar glucose to yield ATP as an energy source.

Front 19

Lactic Acid

Back 19

(organic chemistry) 2-hydroxy-propanoic acid (CH3.CHOH.CO2H), a syrupy liquid, soluble in water; found in milk, wine and many fruits; used as a food additive and in many industrial applications.

Front 20

Adenosine Triphosphate Cycle (ATP)

Back 20

A nucleotide that occurs in muscle tissue, and is used as a source of energy in cellular reactions, and in the synthesis of nucleic acids.

Front 21

Nicotinamide Dinucleotiode Cycle (NAD)

Back 21

is an important coenzyme found in cells. It plays key roles as carriers of electrons in the transfer of reduction potential.

Front 22

krebs cycle

Back 22

A series of enzymatic reactions that occurs in all aerobic organisms; it involves the oxidative metabolism of acetyl units, and serves as the main source of cellular energy.

Front 23

electron transport chain

Back 23

a series of membrane-associated electron carriers mediating biochemical reactions that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy currency of life