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135 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Which of the following series represents levels of organization ranked in order from smallest to largest?
a. Organelle-Molecule-Organism-Ecosystem-Biosphere
b. Molecule-Organelle-Tissue-Population-Ecosystem
c. Organism-Species-Ecosystem-Biosphere
d.Molecule-Atom-Community-Population-Ecosystem
e. Organ System-Organelle-Organism-Ecosystem
b.
Why are alternative hypotheses valuable during scientific investigation?
a. They provide useful "fall-back" positions to test that provide alternative explanations for natural phenomenae, especially if the currently tested hypothesis is falsified.
b. They allow for more data to be collected during scientific experimentation.
c. They allow different laws of chemistry or physics to be applied to the same problem.
d. They guarantee that the answers given by scientific exploration will be true.
e. They ensure that there will be no ambiguous results during experimentation, particularly when the hypothesis is falsified.
a.
How was Thomas Malthus important in shaping Darwin's proposal for the mechanism of evolution?
a. He noticed that populations in nature are always growing, rather than staying constant over time.
b. His atheism made him view the world in a way that was not influenced by God or creationism.
c. His proposals of evolution paved the way for lines of thought that Darwin knew to be radical for its time.
d. His essays outlined how populations tend to increase in number geometrically (2, 4, 8...), while cultivated resources increase arithmetically (1,2,3...).
e. All of the above are reasons that influenced Darwin
d.
Which of the following statements is best in agreement with the idea of emergent properties?
a. "Survival of the fittest"
b. "Descent with modification"
c. "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts"
d. "Cells are life's basic units"
e. "The form of a biological structure implies its function, and vice-versa"
c.
Which of the following is NOT a property of life?
a. Energy utilization
b. Movement
c. Order
d. Homeostasis
b.
Which is the correct order of heirarchical levels of living systems?
a. Cellular, molecular, population, ecosystem, biosphere
b. Cellular, organelle, organs, ecosystems, populations
c. Cellular, organismal, population, community, ecosystem
d. Species, community, population, ecosystem, biosphere
c.
The process of inductive reasoning involves--
a. the use of general principles to predict a specific result
b. the generation of specific predictions based on a belief system
c. the use of specific observations to develop general principles
d. the use of general principles to support a hypothesis
c.
The process of deductive reasoning involves--
a. the use of general principles to predict a specific result
b. the generation of specific predictions based on a belief system
c. the use of specific observations to develop general principles
d. the use of general principles to support a hypothesis
d.
A hypothesis in biology is best described as--
a. a possible explanation of an observation
b. an observation that supports a theory
c. a general principle that explains some aspect of life
d. an unchanging statement that correctly predicts some aspect of life
a.
What is the significance of Pasteur's experiment to test the germ hypothesis?
a. It proved that heat can sterilize a broth
b. It demonstrated that cells can arise spontaneously
c. It demonstrated that some cells are germs
d. It demonstrated that cells can only arise from other cells
d.
Which of the following is NOT an example of reductionism?
a. Analysis of an isolated enzyme's function in an experimental assay
b. Investigation of the effect of a hormone on cell growth in a petri dish
c. Observation of the change in gene expression in response to specific stimulus
d. An evaluation of the overall behavior of a cell
d.
A scientific theory is--
a. a guess about how things work in the world
b. a statement of how the world works that is supported by experimental data
c. a belief held by many scientists
d. both a and c
b.
How is the process of natural selection different from that of artificial selection?
a. Natural selection produces more variation
b. Natural selection makes an individual better adapted
c. Artificial selection is a result of human intervention
d. Artificial selection results in better adaptations
c.
How does the fossil record help support the theory of evolution by natural selection?
a. It demonstrates that simple organisms predate more complex organisms.
b. It provides evidence of change in the form of organisms over time.
c. It shows that diversity existed millions of years ago.
d. Both a and b.
a.
The theory of evolution by natural selection is a good example of how science proceeds because--
a. it rationalizes a large body of observations
b. it makes predictions that have been tested by a variety of approaches
c. it represents Darwin's belief of how life has changed over time
d. Both a and b
d.
How does the field of molecular genetics help support the concept of evolution?
a. Comparisons of genes demonstrate a relationship between all living things
b. Different organisms have different genomes.
c. Sequencing allows for the identification of unique genes
d. The number of genes in an organism increase with the complexity of the organism.
a.
The cell theory states--
a. cells are small
b. cells are highly organized
c. there is only one basic type of cell
d. all living things are made up of cells
d.
The molecule DNA is important to biological systems because--
a. it can be replicated
b. it encodes the information for making a new individual
c. it forms a complex, double-helical structure
d. nucleotides form genes
b.
In which domain of life would you find only single-celled organisms?
a. Eukarya
b. Bacteria
c. Archaea
d. Both b and c
d.
Evolutionary conservation occurs when a characteristic is--
a. important to the life of the organism
b. not influenced by evolution
c. reduced to its least complex form
d. found in more primitive organisms
a.
True/False Although difficult to unambiguously define, the concept of something being alive can be fulfilled by 5 common characteristics.
False
Of the following reasons for performing science, which best represents the core purpose of scientific investigation?
a. to disprove superstition
b. understanding the world around us
c. to provide better medicines
d. promote rational thinking
e. to determine ways in which the nature of the universe has changed since its inception
b.
Why was Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" considered one of the most influential books of all time?
a. it proposed that evolution is factual, and provides evidence
b. it proposes a mechanism for evolution to occur
c. its propositions cannot be falsified.
d. A and B are both correct
e. all of the above are correct
d.
Which of the following is best evidence of evolutionary conservation?
a. Certain proteins can consistently be found in all three domains (plant, animal, and fungi)
b. Plants, animals and fungi are all multicellular
c. Animals have fur, while plants are photosynthetic. Fungi are neither
d. Plants and fungi are both sedentary (they don't move about rapidly) and are therefore more primitive than animals.
e. All organisms are made up of cells.
a.
The property that distinguishes one atom (carbon for example) from another atom (oxygen for example) is--
a. the number of electrons
b. the number of protons
c. the number of neutrons
d. the number of protons and neutrons
b.
If one atom has one valence (outer energy level) electron, it will most likely form--
a. one polar, covalent bond
b. two nonpolar, covalent bonds
c. two covalent bonds
d. an ionic bond
d.
An atom with a net positive charge must have--
a. more protons than neutrons
b. more protons than electrons
c. more electrons than neutrons
d. more electrons than protons
b.
The isotopes C12 and C14 differ in--
a. the number of neutrons
b. the number of protons
c. the number of electrons
d. both b and c
a.
An atom with more electrons than protons is called--
a. an element
b. an isotope
c. a cation
d. an anion
d.
Which of the following is NOT a property of the elements most commonly found in living organisms?
a. The elements have a low atomic mass
b. The elements have an atomic number less than 21
c. The elements possess eight electrons in their outer energy level
d. The elements are lacking one or more electrons from their outer energy level
c.
Which of the following atoms would you predict could be a cation?
a. Fluorine (F)
b. Helium (H)
c. Potassium (K)
d. Boron (B)
c.
An ionic bond is held together by--
a. shared valence electrons
b. attractions between ions of the same charge
c. charge attractions between valence electrons
d. attractions between ions of opposite charge
d.
How do polar covalent bonds differ from nonpolar covalent bonds?
a. In a polar covalent bond the electrons are shared equally between the atoms
b. In a nonpolar covalent bond there is a charge attraction between the atomic nuclei
c. There is a large difference in electronegativity of the atoms in a nonpolar bond.
d. There is a large difference in electronegativity of the atoms in a polar bond.
d.
A hydrogen bond can form--
a. when hydrogen is part of a polar covalent bond
b. only in water
c. between any large electronegative atoms like oxygen
d. when two atoms of hydrogen share an electron
a.
Which of the following properties of water is NOT a consequence of its ability to form hydrogen bonds?
a. Cohesiveness
b. High specific heat
c. Ability to function as a solvent
d. Neutral pH
d.
A substance with a high concentration of hydrogen ions is--
a. called a base
b. called an acid
c. has a high pH
d. both b and c
b.
Consider an atom with 8 neutrons and 6 protons. Which of the following statements about that atom is true?
a. The atom has an atomic number of 14, an atomic mass of 8 and 6 electrons.
b. The atom has an atomic number of 6, an atomic mass of 8, and 14 electrons
c. The atom has an atomic number of 14, an atomic mass of 14 and 14 electrons
d. The atom has an atomic number of 6, an atomic mass of 14, and 6 electrons.
d.
Considering that carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) have practically the same electronegativity, which of the following terms best describes a typical C-H chemical bond?
a. polar covalent bond
b. nonpolar covalent bond
c. ionic bond
d. hydrogen bond
b.
What happens when an electron moves from a higher energy level orbital to a lower energy one?
a. energy is released
b. energy is absorbed
c. another neutron is created in the nucleus
d. the atom becomes a different element
e. Either "A" or "B" occurs, depending on the type of atom
a.
Which of the following is (are) a criterion upon which the periodic table is organized?
a. number of protons
b. number of valence electrons
c. number of neutrons
d. all of the above
e. two of the above
e.
Why do covalent bonds typically hold atoms together more tightly than ionic bonds under biological conditions?
a. Ionic bonds can only occur between metals and non-metals, and therefore aren't usually present in biological situations
b. Ionic bonds are toxic to proteins
c. You can have double covalent bonds, but not double ionic bonds, so covalent bonds provide more variety consistent with the structural demands required in biological systems.
d. Biological conditions are often aqueous, and the water would cause ionic bonds to dissociate.
e. Ions only form under extreme conditions not compatible with the cell's environment.
d.
Within a capillary tube, which forces cause the water to rise up within the tube's lumen (internal open space)?
a. Ionic bonding of individual water molecules provides energy for the water to move upwards.
b. The water molecules have a high specific heat capacity, so they absorb energy from the surroundings to move upwards
c. Adhesion and gravity combine to force the water to move upwards
d. Cohesion on the surface of the top of the water column pulls it upwards
e. Adhesion to the walls of the tube cause the top surface to advance upward, and cohesion between the individual water molecules pull along the molecules beneath.
e.
Water behaves like most other molecules in all ways except that
a. It interacts strongly with other water molecules
b. It can exist as a solid, liquid or gas
c. Its temperature correlates with how rapidly its individual molecules are moving
d. As it freezes, its density decreases
e. Its temperature increases when heat is applied, then hold the higher temperature after the heat source is no longer present
d.
A buffer exerts its effects because:
a. It absorbs or releases H+ ions reversibly to resist a pH change within its buffering range.
b. It releases H+ when the pH drops
c. It absorbs H+ when the pH rises
d. All of the above explain buffering effects
e. None of the above explains buffering effects
a.
Why might scientist be interested in the "atomic mass" of an atom?
a. it tells how it will behave in a chemical reaction
b. it lets us know the valence of the atom if we know the atomic number
c. if we know the atomic number, we can determine the number of neutrons
d. we can use it to know if the atom is radioactive or not
e. none of the above apply
c.
Whether an atom will be able to interact with other atom can be determined by:
a. looking at the ratio of protons to neutrons in the nucleus
b. how large the atomic mass is
c. whether it has an even or odd number of electrons
d. determining the stability of the electrons in their orbitals around the nucleus
e. Identifying the atom as a metal or non-metal
d.
True/False Because hydrogen bonds are weaker than ionic bonds, it stands to reason that NaCl, which is organized through ionic bonds, can't dissociate through the action of hydrogen bonds, such as those formed between water molecules.
False
Which of the following provide(s) evidence for the importance of water for biology?
a. Liquid water is abundant in rain forests, where diverse life is abundant, and rare in deserts, which have much less life within them
b. About 2/3 of most organisms' masses consist of water
c. Many molecules can move around and interact easily in an aqueous environment
d. All of the above are evidence for water's importance
d.
True/False The reason water slides down a tipped piece of waxed paper is because the wax is dominated by nonpolar covalent bonds, which don't interact well with water's polar covalent bonds.
True
The reason pure water is considered "neutral" with respect to pH is because:
a. there are no H+ ions in solution
b. there are no OH- ions in solution
c. there is an equivalence between the concentration of H+ and OH- within it.
d. There are exactly 10^ -7 moles of H+ in it
e. It doesn't hurt sensitive tissues of the mouth or digestive tract when consumed.
c.
List the following with their respective functional groups:
Hydroxyl
CO
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate
Methyl
-OH
Carbonyl
-COOH
-NH2
-SH
-PO4
-CH3
A _________ is a large complex molecule composed of repeating structural units connected by covalent chemical bonds.
Polymers
True/False Polymers are formed through dehydration synthesis and are broken down by the addition of water, hydrolysis.
True
What is the empirical formula for carbohydrates?
(CH2O)n
What functional group do all carbohydrates have? What is the exception's functional group?
Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl
Why are carbohydrates good energy storage molecules?
C-H covalent bonds!
How many carbons does glucose have? What is it structural and stereoisomer?
6
Structural: fructose
Stereoisomer: galactose
__________ are isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but which differ only in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms (or functional groups) in space.
Stereoisomers
True/False Geometric isomers -cis and -trans are examples of structural isomers.
False!
Stereoisomers
________ isomers differ in the placement of functional groups.
structural
Where does alpha-glucose have its hydroxyl group?
Alpha down on C1
Where does beta-glucose have its hydroxyl group?
Beta up C1
What type of linkage do disaccharides use to link monosaccharides together?

What are the three disaccharides?
glycosidic linkage

Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose
What type of Carbon linkages are common among disaccharides?
1,4
1,5
1,6
What two monosaccharides is maltose made up of?
Glucose+Glucose
What two monosaccharides is sucrose made up of?
Glucose+Fructose
What two monosaccharides is lactose made up of?
Glucose+Galactose
How are the glycocidic bonds made?
dehydration synthesis
What energy storage carbohydrate do animals use? plants?
Animals-glycogen
Plants-starch
What structural carbohydrate do plants use? animals?
Plants-cellulose
Animals-chitin
What are the two different variations of starches and are they structural or storage, for animals or plants?
amylose (1,4 linkages)
amylopectin (1,4 and 1,6 linkages)
plants
How does the body break down disaccharides?
Through hydrolysis it breaks up the diaccharide into monosaccharides where it breaks down the monosaccharide through glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, electron transport chain and chemiosmosis producing ATP!
Is starch made up of alpha glucose molecules or beta glucose molecules and where is the hydroxyl group?
alpha glucose
alpha down (C1)
True/False Amylose is linear and has 1,6 glycocidic linkages.
False 1,4 glycocidic linkages
True/False Amylopectin molecules consist of alpha-glucose 1,6 branched C1 molecules.
False 1,4 and 1,6 linkages
Glycogen looks similar to (amylose/amylopectin) is the (storage/structural) molecule for (aminals/starch) and is made up of what type of linkages?

Alpha glucose or beta glucose?
amylopectin
storage
animals
1,4 and 1,6 alpha-glucose glycocidic linkages
Cellulose is a (structural/storage) carbohydrate molecule made up of (alpha-/beta-) glucose molecules and is found in (animals/plants) and where at?
beta-glucose glycocidic linkages
cell walls of plants
True/False Humans can break down alpha and beta glucose molecules.
False alpha only
Chitin is found in the ___________ of athropods and has what type of linkage?
exoskeleton
beta 1-4 linkage
What is the difference between cellulose and chitin?
Chitin has an N-acetyl glucosamine
Nucleic acids are polymers of ____________ that are specialized in the storage, transmission and use of genetic information.
nucleotides
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
Phosphate group
Five carbon sugar
Nitrogenous Base
What type of sugar is found in DNA? RNA?
deoxyribose
ribose
What does DNA have on C2? RNA?
H (hydrogen)
-OH (hydroxyl)
What are the two classifications of nitrogenous bases?
purines
pyrimidines
(True/False) Pyrimidines are large double ringed nitrogen containing structures.
False purines
_________ are single six membered rings
Pyrimidines
What are the two types of purines?
Adenine and Guanine
What are the three types of pyrimidines?
Thymine, Cytosine, and Urasil
What is the following nitrogenous base and is it a purine or pyrimidine?
Adenine
What is the following molecule and is it a purine or pyrimidine?
guanine
What is the following molecule and is it a purine or pyrimidine?
cytosime pyrimidine
What is the following molecule and is it a purine or pyrimidine?
thymine pyrimidine
What is the following molecule and is it a pyrimidine or purine?
Uracil pyrimidine
What is the following molecule and is it a pyrimidine or purine?
Uracil pyrimidine
Carbonyl has ________ and aldehydes. What is the difference?
ketones
C is in the middle of R groups
R is placed at the terminal end
All nucleic acids join through what type of bonds?
phosphodiester bonds
A double helix is 2 polynucleotide strands connected by __________ _____
hydrogen bonds
What enzyme assists in the dehydration synthesis in the formation of nucleic acids?
ligase
What type of linkage do nucleic acids form?
3' 5' phosphodiester linkage
The function of ___ is to read genetic information in DNA and use information to make proteins.
RNA
What are four important NUCLEOTIDES?
ATP
NADH
CAMP
FADH2
Is NAD an oxidizing or reducing agent?
oxidizing agent
How many amino acids are there? What type of bonds are formed through dehydration synthesis?
20
peptide bonds
An amino acid is described as
a. _________, if it has a lot of hydrocarbons
b. _______, oxygen+nitrogen, hydroxyl
c. _______, acids and bases
d. _______, heterocyclic rings
e. special function
nonpolar
polar
charged
aromatic
Enzymes covalently link _________ groups through peptide bonds and result in _________.
carboxyl
polypeptides
The ________ structure of a protein consists of intramolecular interactions between amino acids, specifically through formation of H-bonds
secondary
The _________ structure shows what amino acids are present and in what order.
primary
The _________ structure gives proteins a 3-D shape: critical to function.
tertiary
The ________ structure shows how polypeptides interact with other polypeptides.
quaternary
A ________ is a common element of secondary and tertiary structure. Example alpha-turn-alpha, beta-alpha-beta

Has a lot to do with determining functions.
motif
________ are functional regions of a polypeptide.
Domains
Proteins or nucleic acids can be denatured, losing secondary and secondary structure by....
a. strong _____ or ______
b. salt
c. organic _________
d. ____
acid base
solvent
heat
What makes lipids hydrophobic?
high proportion of C--H bonds
What are the two main categories of fats?
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
What are triglycerides composed of?
1 glycerol+ 3 fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids have what type of carbon bonds?
single
Unsaturated fatty acids have what type of carbon bonds?
double carbon bonds
True/False Plant oils are usually saturated and liquid at room temperature.
unsaturated
What type of linkage forms between glycerol and fatty acids?
Ester linkage
What are phospholipids composed of?
1 glycerol
2 fatty acids
phosphate group
Is the phosphate group polar or nonpolar?
Polar
Are the two fatty acids polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar
Phospholipids contain polar "_____" and nonpolar "_____"
heads
tails
Phospholipids are said to be ___________ because they are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
amphipathic
__________ and lipid _________ cluster the hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid toward the inside and leave the hydrophili regions exposed to the water environment.
micelles
lipid bilayers
A ____________ is any member of a group of lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from fatty acids and have important functions in the animal body.
prostaglandin
_________/__________ is a family synthesized from 5 carbon molecules called isoprene, in which cells can use to make elaborate molecules.
terpenoids/isoprenoids
Cholesterol and Steroids differ in one group. Cholesterol has an __________ group while Steroids have a ________ group.
hydroxyl
carbonyl
Cytoplasm+organelles:
cytosol
Difference between nucleus and nucleolus
nucleus: membrane
Prokaryotic cells have ______ DNA and lack membrane bound organelles
circular
Prokaryotes have ____ walls to maintain shape and protect cell.
cell
Bacterial cell walls are said to be composed of ____________, where gram positive is a _______ layer and gram negative is a _______ layer
peptidoglycan
What are the names for used and not used chromatin?
euchromatin
heterochromatin