Biology (Fall 2014) Test #2 - Vocabulary Ch. 7

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1. The process in which the energy stored in a glucose molecule is released by oxidation. Hydrogen atoms are lost by glucose and gained by oxygen.

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1. Cellular Respiration (138)

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2. The loss of an electron during a chemical reaction from one atom to another. Occurs simultaneously with reduction. Is the second stage of the 10 reactions of glycolysis.

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2. Oxidation (138)

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3. The gain of an electron during a chemical reaction from one atom to another. Occurs simultaneously with oxidation.

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3. Reduction (138)

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4. A chemical reaction involving both reduction and oxidation, which results in changes in oxidation numbers of atoms included in the reaction.

Redox reaction involves oxidation where there is an increase in oxidation number, and reduction where there is a decrease in oxidation number. It is involved in many important biological processes, such as cellular respiration and photosynthesis. In cellular respiration, for instance, redox reaction occurs when glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide whereas oxygen is reduced to water.

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4. Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions (138)

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5. The anaerobic breakdown of glucose; this enzyme-catalyzed process yields two molecules of pyruvate with a net of two molecules of ATP.

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5. Glycolysis (140)

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6. The generation of ATP by coupling its synthesis to a strongly exergonic (energy-yielding) reaction.

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6. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation (140)

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7. (Science: enzyme) condensation product of coenzyme a and acetic acid, symbolised as CoAS~COCH3; intermediate in transfer of two-carbon fragment, notably in its entrance into the tricarboxylic acid cycle and in fatty acid synthesis.

This coenzyme plays a huge role in intermediary metabolism, in which cells synthesise, break down or use nutrient molecules for energy production, growth, etc.

______-coenzyme a synthase is found in bacteria and plants and catalyses the reaction in which acetate enters metabolic pathways and forms ______-coenzyme a.

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7. Acetyl-CoA (142)

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8. (1) A cycle of reactions catalyzed by enzymes in which pyruvate derived from nutrients and converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A is completely oxidized and broken down into carbon dioxide and water to produce high-energy phosphate compounds, which are the source of cellular energy.

(2) One of the major metabolic pathways of cellular respiration, and involves a cyclic series of enzymatic reactions by which pyruvate converted into Acetyl Coenzyme A is completely oxidized to CO2 and hydrogen is removed from the carbon molecules, transferring the hydrogen atoms and electrons to electron-carrier molecules (e.g. NADH and FADH2) as well as the metabolic energy to high energy bonds (e.g. ATP).

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8. Krebs Cycle (144)

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9. In mitochondria, the fluid in the interior space surrounded by the cristae that contains the enzymes and other molecules involved in oxidative respiration; more generally, that part of a tissue within which an organ or process is embedded.

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9. Matrix (146)

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10. The fatty inside of the bilipid layer membrane. The space is great place for lipophylic molecules to freely travel, generating easy electron transport systems.

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10. Intermembrane Space (146)

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11. A collective term describing the series of electron carriers embedded in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. It puts the electrons harvested from water molecules and energized by photons of light to work driving proton-pumping channels.

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11. Electron Transport Chain (146)

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12. An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ATP from the phosphorylation of ADP with inorganic phosphate, using a form of energy, such as the energy from a proton gradient.

This enzyme consists of two major segments: Fo portion, the transmembrane proton channel and F1 portion, the catalytic component. The proton channel component allows the diffusion of protons (hydrogen ions) from an area where there are more hydrogen ions to an area where there are less hydrogen ions due to a proton gradient. As the proton (H+ ion) moves down the concentration gradient this moves the enzyme in a spinning motion, which brings ADP and inorganic phosphate together to form a bond, thus creating ATP molecule. The resulting ATP molecule is released so that a new ADP molecule can enter for another phosphorylation.

This enzyme can also work in reverse using the energy release from ATP hydrolysis to pump protons against their thermodynamic gradient. Since it can also use ATP as a source of energy it is also aptly called ATP synthetase.

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12. ATP Synthase (147)

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13. A measurement of the relative percentages of fat and muscle mass in the human body, in which mass in kilograms is divided by height in meters squared and the result used as an index of obesity.

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13. Body Mass Index (BMI)

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14. The amount of enrgy required to sustain only vital organs when one is at rest (Science: biochemistry, biology) The _________ ____ as measured under _____ conditions: 12 hours after eating, after a restful sleep, no exercise or activity preceding test, elimination of emotional excitement and occurring in a comfortable temperature.

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14. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

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15. A series of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes and are connected by their intermediates, i.e. the reactants of one reaction are the products of the previous one, and so on.

This includes processes for cell growth, reproduction, response to environment, survival mechanisms, sustenance, and maintenance of cell structure and integrity. It is made up of two categories: catabolism and anabolism.

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15. Biochemical Pathway

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16. A catabolic process in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule.

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16. Fermentation