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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Asexual reproduction
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process in which a single cell or set of cells produces offspring that inherit all their genetic material from one parent (Concept 9.1)
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Sexual reproduction
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process in which genetic material from two parents combines and produces offspring that differ genetically from either parent (Concept 9.1)
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Chromatin
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combination of DNA and protein molecules, in the form of long, thin fibers, making up the genetic material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell (Concept 9.2)
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Chromosome
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condensed threads of genetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide (Concept 9.2)
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Sister chromatid
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one of a pair of identical chromosomes created before a cell divides (Concept 9.2)
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Centromere
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region where two sister chromatids are joined tightly together (Concept 9.2)
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Cell Cycle
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sequence of events from the production of a eukaryotic cell to the time the cell itself reproduces (Concept 9.2)
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Interphase
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interphase: stage of the cell cycle during which a cell carries out its metabolic processes and performs its functions in the body (Concept 9.2)
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Mitotic phase
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mitotic phase: stage of the cell cycle when a cell is actively dividing (Concept 9.2)
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Mitosis
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process by which the nucleus and duplicated chromosomes of a cell divide and are evenly distributed, forming two daughter nuclei (Concept 9.2)
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Cytokinesis
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process by which the cytoplasm of a cell is divided in two; usually follows mitosis and meiosis (Concept 9.2)
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Spindle
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framework of microtubules that guide the movement of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis (Concept 9.3)
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Centrosome
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region of cytoplasmic material that in animal cells contains structures called centrioles (Concept 9.3)
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Prophase
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first stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, when the already replicated chromosomes condense (Concept 9.3)
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Metaphase
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second stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II when the spindle is fully formed and all of the chromosomes are held in place (Concept 9.3)
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Anaphase
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third phase of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, in which the sister chromatids separate and move toward the poles of the spindle (Concept 9.3)
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Telophase
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final stage of mitosis and of meiosis I and II, in which the chromosomes reach the spindle poles, nuclear envelopes form around each set of daughter chromosomes, and the nucleoli reappear (Concept 9.3)
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Cell plate
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disk containing cell wall material that develops in plant cells during cytokinesis, eventually dividing the cell into two daughter cells (Concept 9.3)
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Benign tumor
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mass of cells that remain at their original site (Concept 9.4)
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Malignant tumor
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mass of abnormal cells resulting from uncontrolled cancer cell division (Concept 9.4)
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Cancer
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A variety of diseases caused by severe disruption of the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle (Concept 9.4)
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Metastasis
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spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body (Concept 9.4)
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Meiosis
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type of cell division that produces four cells, each with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell (Concept 9.5)
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Karyotype
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display of a person's 46 chromosomes (Concept 9.5)
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Homologous Chromosome
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one of a matching pair of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent (Concept 9.5)
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Sex chromosome
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one of two chromosomes of the 23rd pair of human chromosomes, which determine an individual's gender (Concept 9.5)
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Diploid
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having two homologous sets of chromosomes abbreviated 2n (Concept 9.5)
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Gamete
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egg or sperm sex cell that contains a single set of chromosomes, one from each homologous pair 1n (Concept 9.5)
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Haploid
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having a single set of chromosomes abbreviated 1n (Concept 9.5)
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Fertilization
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the fusion of the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell and the nucleus of a haploid egg cell, forming a diploid zygote abbreviated 2n (Concepts 9.5, 33.3)
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Zygote
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diploid cell formed when the nucleus of a haploid sperm cell fuses with the nucleus of a haploid egg cell 2n (Concepts 9.5, 33.3)
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Tetrad
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group of four chromatids formed during prophase I of meiosis by the two sister chromatids in each of the two homologous chromosomes (Concept 9.5)
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Crossing over
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exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis (Concept 9.6)
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Genetic recombination
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new combination of genetic information in a gamete as a result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis (Concept 9.6)
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