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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Mutagen (CH 3) |
Physical or chemical agent that changes DNA of an organism causing a mutation |
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DNA? What is its role? (CH 8) |
Molecule that encodes genetic information used in the development of all living organisms |
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Biodiversity (CH 17) |
Variety of different types of life found on earth |
Measure of variety of organisms present in different organisms |
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Gene pool (CH 11) |
Set of genes or genetic information in any population |
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Photosynthesis (CH4) |
Process used by plants to convert light energy into chemical energy |
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Who is Griffith and what did he do? (CH8) |
Investigated two forms of bacteria that causes pneumonia. Found mice died after being injected with heat-killed S and live R bacteria. Called the "transforming principle" |
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Who is Avery and what did he do? (CH8) |
Wanted to find what the transforming principle was. Observed the transformation of R bacteria into S bacteria in a petri dish. Concluded DNA = transforming principle |
Did qualitative and enzyme tests, and chemical analysis
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Who are Hershey and Chase and what did they do? (CH8) |
Studied bacteriophage. Used radioactively tagged phages in 2 experiments. Concluded the phages' DNA entered the bacteria, but the protein did not. Proved DNA = genetic material |
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Who are Watson and Crick and what did they do? (CH8) |
Developed accurate model of DNA's double helix |
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Who is Chargaff and what did he do? (CH8) |
Found same 4 bases are around DNA in all organisms, but amount varies. |
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Who are Franklin and Wilkins and what did they do? (CH8) |
Studied DNA with x-ray crystallography. Findings showed DNA is a helix with 2 strands |
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Describe the structure of DNA (CH8) |
Composed of 4 nucleotides in a double helix |
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What are the parts of a nucleotide? (CH8) |
3 parts - phosphate group, deoxyribose, nitrogen-containing base |
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Which scientist 1st described the structure of DNA? Name of their model? (CH8) |
Watson and Crick first described the double helix |
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What are the base-pairing rules? (CH8) |
Thymine (t) always pairs with adenine (A), cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G). A=T and C=G |
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What is DNA replication? (CH8) |
The process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle |
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What is transcription? (CH8) |
Process of copying a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNA |
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What are the 3 types of RNA? What is the function of each? (CH8) |
messenger RNA (mRNA) - intermediate message translated to form a protein ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - forms part of ribosomes transfer RNA (tRNA) - brings amino acids from cytoplasm to a ribosome, helps make growing protein |
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How is RNA different from DNA? (CH8) |
In DNA, A=T and C=G, in RNA A=U and C=G |
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RNA polymerases (CH8) |
enzymes that bond nucleotides together in a chain to make a new RNA molecule |
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Codon (CH8) |
three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid |
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Anticodon (CH8) |
set of three nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA codon |
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Translation and its steps (CH8) |
process that translates an mRNA message into a polypeptide 1. tRNA anticodon pairs with mRNA codon 2. ribosome forms a peptide bond between 2 amino acids then breaks bond between tRNA molecule & its amino acid 3. tRNA leaves the ribosome and shifts into 2nd site which exposes next mRNA codon |
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Where does translation take place? (CH8) |
cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
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Mutation (CH8) |
change in organism's DNA |
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Difference between frameshift and point mutation (CH8) |
Frameshift shifts the entire sequence, point puts an incorrect nucleotide in the place of a correct one |
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Frameshift mutation (CH8) |
insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in a DNA sequence |
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Point mutation (CH8) |
one incorrect nucleotide is put in the place of a correct nucleotide |
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What 2 main sources does genetic variation come from? (CH11) |
Mutation and Recombination |
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Three ways natural selection works on normal distribution of traits? (CH11) |
Directional, stabilizing, and disruptive |
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Directional selection (CH11) |
Favors phenotypes at one extreme of a trait's range ex. drug-resistant bacteria |
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Stabilizing selection (Ch11) |
intermediate phenotype becomes favored ex. large and small sized flies are worked against, medium sized favored |
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Disruptive selection (CH11) |
both extreme phentoypes are favored, intermediate phenotypes selected against |
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Gene flow (CH11) |
movement of alleles from one population to another |
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Genetic drift (CH11) |
changes in allele frequencies due to chance |
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Bottleneck effect (CH11) |
genetic drift that occurs after an event greatly reduces the size of a population |
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Founder's effect (CH11) |
genetic drift that occurs after a small number of individuals colonize to a new area |
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How does sexual selection affect natural selection? (CH11) |
traits that increase mating success are not always adaptive for the survival of the organism |
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What are the ways that species can become isolated? (CH11) |
reproductive, behavioral, geographic, temporal |
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Reproductive isolation (CH11) |
when members of different populations can no longer successfully mate with each other. Results in speciation |
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Speciation (CH11) |
rise of 2+ species from 1 existing species |
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Behavioral isolation (CH11) |
isolation caused by differences in courtship or mating behaviors |
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Geographic isolation (CH11) |
physical barriers that divide a population into 2+ groups |
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Temporal isolation (CH11) |
timing prevents reproduction between populations, can lead to speciation |
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5 conditions needed for a population to stay in equilibrium for Hardy-Weinberg (CH11) |
very large population, no emigration or immigration, no mutations, random mating, no natural selection |
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Hardy-Weinberg - p, q, p2, q2, 2pq (CH11) |
p - dominant allele q - recessive allele p2 - homozygous dominant q2 - homozygous recessive 2pq - heterozygous |
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Convergent evolution (CH11) |
evolution towards similar characteristics in unrelated species ex. analogous structures like birds and insects with wings |
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Divergent evolution (CH11) |
closely related species evolve in different directions ex. red fox and kit fox |
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Coevolution (CH11) |
process in which 2+ species evolve in response to changes in each other ex. crabs = predator of snail, snail gets thicker shells with spines as crabs get larger claws |
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Who is Linnaeus and what did he do? (CH17) |
Swedish botanist. introduced scientific naming system
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What is a scientific name and what are the rules to write one? (CH17) |
binomial nomenclature has 2 parts. 1st part called genus, 2nd part species descriptor (always lowercase). both written in italics |
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Why don't scientists use common names? (CH17) |
there are multiple species for one name, might have different names in other parts of world |
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What are the current 7 kingdoms? (CH17) |
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
Dear King Phil, can Oliver's family go swimming? |
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What are derived characters? (CH17) |
traits that can be used to figure out evolutionary relationships among a group of species |
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Bacteria (CH17) |
single-celled prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria (one of three domains used today) |
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Archaea (CH17) |
single-celled prokaryotes but can live in extreme environments, unlike bacteria (one of three domains used today) |
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Eukarya (CH17) |
all organisms with eukaryotic cells (one of three domains used today) |
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Prokaryotic cell |
No nucleus or membrane-bound organelle |
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Prokaryotic cell (CH3) |
No nucleus or membrane-bound organelle |
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Eukaryotic cell (CH3) |
Nucleus and membrane-bound organelle |
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What is the structure of the cell membrane? (CH3) |
Has double layer of phospholipids with a variety of other molecules |
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Phospholipid (CH3) |
Molecule composed of a charged phosphate group, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid chains |
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Selectively permeable (CH3) |
Means the cell membrane allows some, but not all, materials to to |
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What are the 2 organelles plants have that animals don't? (CH3) |
Cell walls and chloroplasts |
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Prokaryotic cell (CH3) |
No nucleus or membrane-bound organelle |
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Osmosis (CH3) |
Water molecules move across a semipermeable membrane from area of high water concentration to lower water concentration |
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How does the cell wall limit the size of an expanding plant cell? (CH3) |
Pressure exerted on the cell wall by fluid inside the central vacuole provides structural support for each cell and whole plant |
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What happens to a cell that gains too much water? (CH3) |
It will expand or burst |
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What happens to a cell that loses too much water? (CH3) |
The cell will shrivel or die |
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Facilitated diffusion (CH3) |
Diffusion of molecules across a membrane thru transport proteins. Makes it easier for molecules to enter or exit a cell |
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Eukaryotic cell (CH3) |
Nucleus and membrane-bound organelle |
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What is the structure of the cell membrane? (CH3) |
Has double layer of phospholipids with a variety of other molecules |
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Phospholipid (CH3) |
Molecule composed of a charged phosphate group, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid chains |
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Selectively permeable (CH3) |
Means the cell membrane allows some, but not all, materials to to |
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What are the 2 organelles plants have that animals don't? (CH3) |
Cell walls and chloroplasts |
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How does a cell membrane maintain homeostasis? (CH3) |
Selective permeability. The cell must control what goes in and out of molecules |
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Diffusion (CH3) |
Movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of high concentration to lower concentration |
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How does the concentration gradient determine the direction of diffusion? (CH3) |
Molecules diffuse down the concentration gradient. Higher concentration-> lower concentration |
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What types of molecules can diffuse rapidly thru a cell membrane? (CH3) |
Small lipids and other non polar molecules Ex. Carbon dioxide and oxygen |
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How does ATP form from ADP? (CH3) |
When a phosphate is removed and energy is released |
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How does ATP form from ADP? (CH4) |
When a phosphate is removed and energy is released |
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What other way can organisms get energy except photosynthesis? (CH4) |
Chemosynthesis |
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Chemosynthesis (CH4) |
Process where some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy-storing carbon based molecules |
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What are the important organelles used for photosynthesis? (CH4) |
Chlorophyll, thylakoids |
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Chemical equation for photosynthesis (CH4) |
6CO2 + 6H2O >>>> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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What are the products of photosynthesis?(CH4) |
oxygen and gluclose |
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How does cellular respiration differ from photosynthesis? (CH4) |
Cellular respiration uses the products of photosynthesis and is basically the reverse |
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What organelle is involved with cellular respiration? (CH4) |
mithochondria |
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What are vesicles? (CH3) |
small membrane-bound sacs that divide materials from the rest of the cytoplasm and transport them around the cell |
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What happens to the vesicles formed during endocytosis? (CH3) |
they fuse with a lysosome. lysosomal enzymes break down the vesicle membrane and its contents are released into the cell |
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What happens during endocytosis? (CH3) |
liquids or large molecules are engulfed by a cell into the membrane |
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How do large materials or quantities of small molecules move thru the cell membrane? (CH3) |
phagocytosis |
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What happens during exocytosis? (CH3) |
substances are released out of a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane |
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Hypotonic solution (CH3) |
has a lower concentration of dissolved particles than a cell. Water diffuses into cell and& bursts |
water concentration outside > inside
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Isotonic solution (CH3) |
same concentration inside and outside. equal amounts of water enter and exit the cell. |
equilibrium |
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Hypertonic solution (CH3) |
higher concentration of dissolved particles than a cell. water flows out of cell, causing it to shrivel or die |
water concentration inside > outside
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What are the differences between passive transport and active transport? (CH3) |
PT uses no energy input from the cell. AT uses energy from cell. |
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What are carrier proteins involved in active transport often called? (CH3) |
pumps |
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What does it mean for materials to move up the concentration graident? (CH3) |
it's going to an area with higher concentration from lower concentration |
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How is a cladogram different from a phylogenetic tree? (CH17) |
branches on phylogenetic tree = derived traits and branches on cladogram = points in time |
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How does ATP form from ADP? (CH4) |
When a phosphate is removed and energy is released |
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What other way can organisms get energy except photosynthesis? (CH4) |
Chemosynthesis |
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Chemosynthesis (CH4) |
Process where some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy-storing carbon based molecules |
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What are the important organelles used for photosynthesis? (CH4) |
Chlorophyll, thylakoids |
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Chemical equation for photosynthesis (CH4) |
6CO2 + 6H2O >>>> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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