Biology Exam Pt. Iii

Front 1

the cell theory states...

Back 1

all living things are composed of cells , cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells

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cells that contain nuclei

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eukaryotes

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cells that do not contain nuclei

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prokaryotes

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have genetic material that is not contained in the nucleus

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prokaryotes

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contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is seperated from the rest of the cell

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eukaryotic cells

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portion of the cell outside the nucleus

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cytoplasm

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contains nearly all the cell's DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules

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the nucleus

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granular material you can see in the nucleus is called

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chromatin

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when a cell divides, the chromatin condenses to form

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chromosomes

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the site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell

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endoplasmic reticulum

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assembled on ribosomes.

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proteins

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small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm

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ribosomes

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modify, sorts,and packages proteins and other material from the ER for storage int eh cell or secretion outside the cell

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golgi apparatus

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organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

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mitochondria

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small organelles filled with enzymes. digestion of lipids , carbs, and proteins

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lysosomes

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organelles that capture the energy form sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis

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chloroplasts

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a network of protein filaments taht helps the cell to maintain its shape. also involved in movement

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cytoskeleton

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lovated near the nucleus and help to organize cell division. not found in plant cells

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centrioles

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regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support

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cell membrane

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provide support adn protection for the cell

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cell walls

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the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume

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concentration

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particles tend to move from an area where they are more concentration to an area where they are less concentrated

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diffusion

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when the concentration of the solute is the same throughout a system, it has reached

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equilibrium

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water passes quite easily across most membranes, even though many solute molecules cannot. an important process known as - is the result

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osmosis

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the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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osmosis

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the concentrations of water adn sugar will be the same on both sides of the membrane, the two solutions willl be

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isotonic

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"above strength"

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hypertonic

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"below strength"

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hypotonic

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the cell membrane is said to help the diffusion of glucose across the membrane

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facilitated diffusion

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cells move materials in the opposite direction, against a concentration difference. this is accomplished by

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active transport

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the process of taking materia into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane.

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endocytosis

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extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole

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phagocytosis

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tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles within the cell

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pinocytosis

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the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell

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exocytosis

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cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks

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cell specialization

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levels of organization in a multicellular organism

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cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

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a group of similar cells

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tissue

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many groups of tissues work together as an

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organ

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a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function is called an

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organ system