Koob Biology Exam Iii

Front 1

Hemophilia

Back 1

X-linked genetic disorder in which blood can't clot properly

Front 2

X linked traits are more common in (males, females)

Back 2

Males

Front 3

Color blindness is an (X, Y) linked trait

Back 3

X

Front 4

Polygenic Inheritance

Back 4

When products of many genes influence a trait, individuals within a population show a range of continuous variation for the trait

Front 5

Shape of Continuous Variation Graph

Back 5

Upside down bell curve

Front 6

Aneuploidy

Back 6

Cells with too many or too few copies of a chromosome

Front 7

Down Syndrome

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Trisomy 21

Most common case of aneuploidy in humans

Front 8

Most autosomal aneuploids die (before, after) birth.

Back 8

Before

Front 9

Genes are located on ________.

Back 9

Chromosomes

Front 10

Define: Chromosomes

Back 10

Very long polymers of DNA and associated proteins

Carry hereditary info for an organism

Front 11

T / F: The number of chromosomes varies according to organism.

Back 11

True

Front 12

Homologous Chromosomes

Back 12

One is inherited from each parent (in most species)

Front 13

Gene Locus

Back 13

Location of a specific gene on a chromosome

Front 14

Alleles

Back 14

Found on corresponding gene loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes

Front 15

Nucleotide

Back 15

Subunit of DNA, RNA

Front 16

DNA consists of two strands of _________, coiled into a ______ ________.

Back 16

Nucleotides

Double Helix

Front 17

Each nucleotide has (3)

Back 17

Five carbon sugar (deoxyribose)

A phosphate group

A nitrogen containing base

Front 18

Nitrogen Bases

Back 18

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Front 19

Watson and Crick

Back 19

Discovered double helix

Front 20

DNA Structure Rules

Back 20

Sugar phosphate linkages hold adjacent nucleotides together via strong covalent bonds

Bases pair in regular and predictable ways via weak hydrogen bonds (A-T, C-G)

Front 21

The DNA ______ (order of bases) is what varies amongst species and individuals).

Back 21

Sequence

Front 22

Kary Mullis

Back 22

Thermal cycling

Heat stable polymerase

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Genes

Back 23

Segments of DNA that carry info about how to make proteins

Front 24

Structural Proteins (ex.)

Back 24

Hair

Front 25

Functional Proteins (ex.)

Back 25

Enzymes

Front 26

Proteins are made up of ______ _______.

Back 26

Polypeptide chains

Front 27

Polypeptide chains are made up of a (liner / nonlinear) sequence of _______ ________.

Back 27

Linear

Amino acids

Front 28

Gene Expression

Back 28

Transcription

Translation

Front 29

Transcription

Back 29

Enzymes use the base sequence of a gene as a template to make a strand of RNA

Front 30

Translation

Back 30

Information in the RNA strand is decoded (translated) into a sequence of amino acids

Front 31

T / F Prokaryotic cells don't have a nucleus

Back 31

False

Front 32

Where do transcription and translation occur in prokaryotic cells?

Back 32

Cytoplasm

Front 33

Where are genes transcribed in eukaryotic cells?

Back 33

Nucleus

Front 34

Where is mRNA translated in eukaryotic cells?

Back 34

Cytoplasm

Front 35

Codons

Back 35

A series of information blocks in RNA that make up the genetic code

Sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

Front 36

Each three nucleotides (a triplet) codes for one ______ ______.

Back 36

Amino acid

Front 37

DNA: Sugar

Back 37

Deoxyribose

Front 38

RNA: Sugar

Back 38

Ribose

Front 39

DNA: Bases

Back 39

A, G, C, T

Front 40

RNA: Bases

Back 40

A, C, G, U

Front 41

RNA: Form

Back 41

Single stranded

Front 42

DNA: Form

Back 42

Double Helix

Front 43

RNA: Function

Back 43

Disposable copies of heritable information

Front 44

DNA: Function

Back 44

Permanent storage of heritable information

Front 45

Promoter

Back 45

RNA polymerase binding sites where transcription starts on DNA template strand

Front 46

Initiation

Back 46

Other eukaryotic factors bind, assembling a transcription complex

RNA polymerase begins to unwind DNA helix

Front 47

mRNA is read from 5 - 3 or from 3 - 5

Back 47

5 - 3

Front 48

Elongation

Back 48

Transcription bubble moves down DNA at constant rate leaving growing RNA strands protruding from the bubble

Front 49

Termination

Back 49

Stop sequences at the end of the gene cause RNA polymerase to release DNA

Front 50

What

Where

Who

Back 50

What: mRNA is what the protein building codes from DNA are carried into the ribosomes

Where: rRNA is where proteins are made from amino acids (forms ribosomes)

Who: tRNA is who delivers amino acids to ribosomes

Front 51

Anticodon in tRNA binds to ____ ______

Back 51

mRNA codon

Front 52

T / F: All rRNAs carry the same amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis

Back 52

False

Front 53

Two Subunits of Ribsomes

Back 53

rRNA and proteins

Front 54

Translation: Initiation

Back 54

Start signal coded by the AUG codon

tRNA molecule with complimentary anticodon (UAC) binds to exposed codon on mRNA

Front 55

Initiation Complex

Back 55

(1) initiator tRNA

(2) ribosomal subunits

(1) mRNA

Front 56

Translation: Elongation

Back 56

tRNAs deliver amino acids (2 tRNAs at a time) to the ribosome in the order specified by mRNA codons

Front 57

Translation: Termination

Back 57

A STOP codon in mRNA is encountered

New polypeptide chain and mRNA are released

Ribosome units separate from one another

Front 58

STOP codons

Back 58

UAA

UAG

UGA

Front 59

Recombinant DNA

Back 59

Made by combining DNA from different organisms

Can be cloned by inserting into bacterial cells

Front 60

Restriction Enzymes

Back 60

Cut DNA into pieces

Front 61

DNA propagation requires a _____ _____ in which to replicate.

Back 61

Host cell

Front 62

Stages of Genetic Engineering

Back 62

DNA Cleavage

Production of recombinant DNA

Front 63

DNA Cleavage

Back 63

Restriction endonuclease cleaves source DNA into fragments

Front 64

Production of Recombinant DNA

Back 64

DNA fragments inserted into plasmids or viral vectors

Front 65

Clones

Back 65

Genetically identical daughter cells

Front 66

Cloning (Sheep): Steps

Back 66

Somatic cell removed from one sheep

Nucleus placed in the egg of another sheep

Implanted in the uterus of a third sheep

Front 67

First Cloned Animal

Back 67

Dolly the Sheep

Front 68

cDNA

Back 68

Created by reverse transcriptase converting RNA to be used for cloning

Front 69

GMO

Back 69

Genetically modified organisms

Front 70

Genetic Engineering

Back 70

Directed modification at an organisms genes

Based on recombinant DNA technology and genome analysis

Front 71

Transgenic Organisms

Back 71

Gene from one species is inserted into an individual of a different species

OR gene is modified and reinserted into an individual of the same species

Front 72

Uses: Genetically Engineered Bacteria

Back 72

Research

Medicine

Agriculture

Industry

Ecology

Front 73

_________ have been grown with stem cells and used for transplant

Back 73

Bladders

Front 74

Use: GMO crops

Back 74

Help farmers produce more efficiently

Front 75

TI Plasmid

Back 75

Early successful vector

Front 76

Nitrogen Fixation

Back 76

Introduce genes that allow crops to fix nitrogen, reduce need for fertilizer

Front 77

Herbicide Resistance

Back 77

Insert genes encoding for proteins making crops resistant to herbicide

Enables the farmer to use herbicides

Front 78

Insect Resistance

Back 78

Insert genes encoding proteins harmful to insects

Front 79

Ti-Plasmid Transfer

Back 79

A bacterial cell contains a Ti plasmid that has a foreign gene

Bacterium infects a plant and transfers the Ti plasmid into it

The plasmid DNA becomes integrated into one of the plant's chromosomes

Plant cell divides, forms embryo

Front 80

Genetically Engineered Animals

Back 80

Produce proteins on a commercial scale

Research of human diseases and cures

Livestock modification

Front 81

Bio Technology: Medical Applications

Back 81

Pharmaceuticals: introduction of protein- encoding genes

Gene therapy: add working copies of single defective gene

Front 82

Pathogen

Back 82

Disease causing organism

Front 83

Contagious

Back 83

A pathogen that can spread from one organism to another

Front 84

Infectious

Back 84

A pathogen that has found a tissue inside the body that will support its growth

Front 85

Microbes

Back 85

Microscopic organisms

Front 86

Bacteria

Back 86

Single celled

Can live on food or in a body

Front 87

Bacteria shapes

Back 87

Rod shaped

Spherical

Spiral

Front 88

Toxins

Back 88

Molecules excreted by bacterial cells that can interfere with the metabolism of humans

Front 89

Antibiotics

Back 89

Act against specific parts of bacteria

Front 90

Virus

Back 90

Ultramicroscopic infectious agent that cannot replicate on its own

Obligate intracellular parasite

Front 91

Steps in Virus Multiplication

Back 91

APUTTGAR

Attachment

Penetration

Uncoating

Transcription

Translation

Genome replication

Assemble new viruses

Release new viruses

Front 92

Transformation

Back 92

Genetic alteration of a cells genome by the introduction of foreign DNA

Front 93

Recombination

Back 93

Viral genes are readily re-assorted by genetic recombination

Front 94

Emerging Viruses

Back 94

Viruses that originate in one organism and pass to another to cause disease

Front 95

Viruses and Cancer

Back 95

Viruses are capable of altering growth properties of cells they infect by triggering oncogene expression

Front 96

Prions

Back 96

Infectious proteins that some believe may be responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Front 97

DNA Fingerprinting

Back 97

Biological sample is taken

DNA is isolated and amount amplified through PCR

Strands cleaved with restriction enzymes

Front 98

HIV

Back 98

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Front 99

AIDS

Back 99

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Front 100

Immune System

Back 100

Defends the body against non self

Front 101

Barriers to Entry

Back 101

Non specific defense

Skin

Mucous membranes (mucous, cilia, chemical enzymes)

Normal bacterial flora

Front 102

Inflammation

Back 102

Non specific defense

Redness, warmth, swelling, pain

Front 103

Cellular Non Specific Defenses

Back 103

Microphages

Neutrophils

Basophils

Eosinophils

Front 104

Helper T Cells

Back 104

Antigen specific

Randomly generated

Binds to antigen

Directs immune response to either make more helper T cells of the same type or signal B cells to make antibodies

Front 105

Antibodies

Back 105

Bind to antigens, marking them for destruction

Front 106

B "memory cells"

Back 106

Activated by helper T cell

After clearing the body of an invading organism, they retain memory of the target and rest until another infection occurs

Front 107

Killer T Cells

Back 107

Also activated by helper T cell

Front 108

Three Phases of HIV Infection

Back 108

Infection, Asymptomatic, AIDS

Front 109

Infection Phase of AIDS

Back 109

Acute Phase

Flu symptoms

Highly infectious

CD4 (helper T cell) cell count dropping

HIV virus replicating rapidly

25 days: HIV antibodies

Front 110

Asymptomatic Phase of AIDS

Back 110

Little detectable virus in blood

CD4 cell (helper T cell) count is good

Circulating antibodies

Front 111

Onset of AIDS phase of AIDS

Back 111

CD4 (helper T cell) count dropping

Opportunistic infections begin: yeast infections, sores, diarrhea, swollen lymph nodes, fevers, cough, fatigue

Front 112

AIDS phase of AIDS

Back 112

CD4 (helper T cell) below 200

Person has AIDS- defining infection

Person dies of infection (not HIV itself)

Front 113

T / F HIV isn't present in non - HIV (dormant) helper T cells

Back 113

False

Front 114

T / F Anti- HIV antibodies can't detect the virus in these cells, do it is "hidden" from the immune system

Back 114

True

Front 115

T / F person cannot get rid of HIV because the blood load is low (non detectable)

Back 115

True

Front 116

Latent HIV

Back 116

Can't replicate in "resting" T cells

Front 117

Activation of Dormant Cells / Making New Viruses

Back 117

Antigen for specific helper T cell (harboring HIV) comes along

Dormant helper T cell becomes active

Transcribes it's DNA, along with the viral DNA

A new virus is made

Front 118

Charophytes

Back 118

A group of green algae

Front 119

Most plants are...

Back 119

Photoautotrophs on land

Front 120

Dominant Stages

Back 120

Haploid body (algae and nonvascular plants)

Diploid body (most modern plants)

Front 121

Bryophites

Back 121

Mosses

Liverworts

Hornworts

Seedless and nonvascular

Front 122

Woodwardia

Back 122

Seedless vascular plants

Dominated by the sporophyte

Sperm swim through water to reach eggs

Front 123

Coal

Back 123

Energy rich, compacted remains of Carboniferous swamp forests dominated

Front 124

Gymnosperms

Back 124

Naked seeds

Conifers, cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes

Well adapted to dry climates

No ovaries

Ovules form on exposed surfaces of storable or female cones

Front 125

Angiosperms

Back 125

Flowering plants

Coevolved with birds, bees, bats, and other animal pollinators

Most widely distributed and diverse plant group

Front 126

Pollination

Back 126

The transfer of pollen to the stigma

Achieved through a variety of processes

Front 127

After Pollination

Back 127

Germination occurs

A pollen tube grows down, carrying sperm nuclei to the embryo sac

Seed matures within ripening fruit

Front 128

Abiotic Pollination

Back 128

Wind

Plants with abundant pollen

Allergy causing plants

Front 129

Androecium

Back 129

Collective term for stames

Front 130

Annual Plant

Back 130

Plants that complete their life cycle in one year

Front 131

Food Plants

Back 131

Most evolved from weedy species

Most annual

Grow well in disturbed ground

Grasses (carbohydrates)

Peas (protein)

Front 132

Five Organs of Flowering Plants (Three Vegetative and Two Reproductive)

Back 132

Vegetative:

Stem

Leaves

Roots

Reproductive:

Flowers

Fruit

Front 133

Stems

Back 133

Primarily used for support

Have terminal bud at apex

Leaves attach at the nodes of the stem

Front 134

Tubers

Back 134

Stems that have been modified for food storage

Front 135

Leaves

Back 135

Primary site of photosynthesis

Good source of vitamins

Front 136

Roots

Back 136

Absorb water and minerals from soil

Most absorption occurs in root hairs

Work symbiotically with bacteria to fix nitrogen for the plants

Front 137

Carniverous Plants

Back 137

Use strategies to capture insects to harvest their nitrogen

Typically found in marshes and bogs where nitrogen is deficient in the soil

Front 138

Cyanide Containing Compounds

Back 138

Chemical toxin produced by many plants

Front 139

Secondary Metabolites by Many Plants

Back 139

Alkaloids: caffeine, nicotine, cocaine

Oils: peppermind, sage

Front 140

Alkaloids (3)

Back 140

Pyridines

Quinolines

Tropanes

Front 141

Nervous System

Back 141

High speed internal communication

Composed of neurons and glia

Instantaneous transmission of information

Coordinates rapid contraction of muscles

Transmits sensory information

Front 142

CNS (Central Nervous System)

Back 142

Brain and spinal chord

Coordinates activity

Front 143

PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

Back 143

Sensory and motor neurons

Takes messages to and from CNS

Front 144

Cerebral Cortex Evolution:

Cortex (amount, structure) has changed

Back 144

Amount

Front 145

Cerebrum

Back 145

Four lobes of the cerebral cortex

Front 146

Neuron

Back 146

Information Flow

Receives information

Transmits it over a distance

Relays it to another neuron

Front 147

Parts of the Neuron (4)

Back 147

Dendrites

Cell body

Axon

Myelin

Front 148

Dendrites

Back 148

Antonio of neurons

Tree format

Synapse - receptors

Front 149

Dendritic Spines

Back 149

Postsynapic: receives signals from axon terminal

Front 150

Electrical Signals

Back 150

Used to pass information down the axon

Front 151

Resting Potential

Back 151

Sodium pumped out of an axon

Inside is negative (polarized)

Neurons maintain a slight voltage difference across their plasma membrane

Front 152

Action Potential

Back 152

Sodium rushes in (depolarization)

Caused by stimulus

Action potential is passed down the axon

Front 153

Nerve

Back 153

Bundled axons from many neurons

Front 154

Glia

Back 154

Modulate communication

Response to injury and inflammation

Myelination of neurons

Front 155

Calcium Wave

Back 155

Method of astrocyte communication