Biology Exam Cards

Front 1

What are the common characteristics to all chordates?

Back 1

dorsal, hollow nerve cord
notochord
pharyngeal pouches
tail

Front 2

What are the characteristics of fish?

Back 2

Paired fins
scales
gills

Front 3

3 main groups of fish and their basic characteristics.

Back 3

Jawless:no true teeth, filter feeders
Sharks:long curved tails, torpedo bodies, pointed snouts with mouth under
Bony: hard calcified tissue skeleton

Front 4

What are the characteristics of amphibians?

Back 4

Vertebrate
lives in water as larva and land as adult
breathes w/ lungs as adult
moist skin

Front 5

What adaptions allow amphibians to live on land?

Back 5

Lungs(breath air)
protection
eggs don't dry out
support bodies against gravity

Front 6

Main groups of amphibians characteristics

Back 6

Newt/Salamander: long bodies/tails
Frog/Toad: lack tails as adults, frog needs more water, frog-moist skin, longer legs
toad-drier warty skin, short legs
Caecilian: lack legs, live in water or moist soil

Front 7

Characteristics of Reptile

Back 7

Vertebrate
dry, scaly skin
lungs
terrestrial eggs

Front 8

Endotherm

Back 8

can generate own body heat

Front 9

Ectotherm

Back 9

rely on behavior to ctrl body temp

Front 10

Amniotic eggs characteristics

Back 10

harder shells, incubate eggs, feed/protect young

Front 11

Characteristics of all mammals

Back 11

endotherms
hair
fat under skin
mammary glands
middle ear bones
complex teath

Front 12

Types of mammals

Back 12

Monotremata: egg layers
Marsupials: kangaroos(pouches)
Placental: blood of mother is separate

Front 13

Cells

Back 13

smallest unit

Front 14

Tissue

Back 14

group of cells that perform a single function

Front 15

organs

Back 15

combo of tissue that function together

Front 16

organ systems

Back 16

organs that function together

Front 17

Homeostasis

Back 17

the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external enviorments

Front 18

Neuron

Back 18

cells that carry messages in the form of electrical signals(impulses)

Front 19

cell body

Back 19

metabolic activity, collects info.

Front 20

dendrites

Back 20

branch like extensions, receive impulses

Front 21

axon

Back 21

(part of neuron) carries impulses away from cell body

Front 22

Sensory Neuron

Back 22

from body to brain and or spinal cord

Front 23

Motor Neuron

Back 23

carry response impulses from spinal cord or brain to muscles and other organs

Front 24

interneurons

Back 24

in brain and spinal cord process incoming and sent out responses

Front 25

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 25

Brain and Spinal Cord
process, analyze, respond to all stimuli coming into the body and send out commands in response

Front 26

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 26

Sensory: send impulses from sense organ to cns
Motor: send impulses from cns to the muscles or glands in response

Front 27

What is the flow of the PNS?

Back 27

PNS >
Motor/Sensor>
M/ Somatic and Automatic
A/ Sympathetic/Parasympathetic

Front 28

Somatic Nervous System
Automatic Nervous system

Back 28

SNS: voluntary
ANS: involuntary

Front 29

Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System

Back 29

Symp: adrenaline
Para: gets you back to normal

Front 30

5 sensory receptors

Back 30

pain
thermo
chemo
mechano
photo

Front 31

Stimulants
Depressants
Cocaine
Opiates
Marijuana

Back 31

S: increase nervous system
D: decrease
C: release of dopamine (stimulant)
O: mimic endorphins (depressant)
M: contains THC

Front 32

Functions of skeletal system

Back 32

support body
protect internal organs
allows for movement
stores minerals
blood cell formation

Front 33

Connective Tissue

Back 33

living cells, protein fibers surrounding calcium salts

Front 34

Periosteum
Compact bone
spongy bone

Back 34

P: tough outer layer
C: dense layer w/ haversian canals
S: strong but lighter in weight

Front 35

Bone Marrow
Red
Yellow

Back 35

B: found in larger bones
R: production of red blood cells, and some whitecells and platelets
Y: mostly fat cells

Front 36

Types of muscle tissue

Back 36

Smooth, skeletal, cariac

Front 37

Smooth muscle tissue

Back 37

spindle shaped w/ one nucleus
walls of internal organs
contract slowly and can stay contracted for a long time
not voluntary

Front 38

Skeletal Muscle tissue

Back 38

long and stretched w/ many nuclei
attatched to bones
voluntary

Front 39

Cardiac Muscle tissue

Back 39

only in heart
smaller striated cells w/ one nucleus
not voluntary

Front 40

Sliding Filament Theory

Back 40

actin and myocin overlap cross bridge where the filaments connect

Front 41

Circulatory Function and parts

Back 41

transport materials to and from the cells of the body
Heart, blood vessels, and blood

Front 42

Parts of the heart:
1protective sac of tissue
2thick layer of muscles allow heart to contract and pump blood
3upper chamber, recieves blood
4lower chamber, pumps blood
5. divides right/left side
6 flaps of connective tissue seperates atria and ventricals

Back 42

1. pericardium
2. myocardium
3. atrium
4. ventricle
5. septum
6. valves

Front 43

Circulation:
Pulmonary-
Systemic-

Back 43

P- sends O2 poor blood from heart to lungs to get O2
S- blood from body is sent to heart, O2 rich blood is sent out to body

Front 44

Path of
Pulmonary
Systemic

Back 44

P- rt vent-pulmonary artery- lungs-pulmonary vein- l atrium
S- l at- vent- body- rt atrium

Front 45

Blood Vessels

Back 45

carries blood throughout the body

Front 46

Arteries
veins
Capillaries

Back 46

A- carry blood away from heart,thick walls
V- return blood to heart
C- small vessels in contact w/ cells. connects arteries and veins

Front 47

lymphatic system function

Back 47

a network of vessels, nodes, and organs collect fluids that are lost by the blood and returns it back to the circulatory system

Front 48

Respiratory System function

Back 48

to bring about the exchange of oxygen and CO2 between the blood, the air, and tissues

Front 49

Nose
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alvcoli

Back 49

N- cleans, warms, and adds moisture to air
P- in back of mouth passage for food and air
L- voice box
T- windpipe
Bronchus- two large tubes leading to each lung
Bronchioles- smaller tubes leading into each lung
Alvcoli- tiny air sacs, blood and air are side by side, in lung

Front 50

Astheroclerosis

Back 50

build up of fattydeposits on walls of arteries

Front 51

high blood pressure

Back 51

hypertension

Front 52

heart attack
stroke

Back 52

H- blockage of coronary arteries that feed the heart
S- blockage of blood vessels leading into the brain

Front 53

Digestive System
Mechanical Function
Chemical Function

Back 53

Mechanical- divides food into smaller particles to allow more surface area
Chemical- enzymes uncouple monomers from their polymers to produce small molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

Front 54

Digestion in Mouth

Back 54

teeth begins mechanical digestion
saliva breaks down and kills bacteria
pharynx allow foods to move towards the esophagus

Front 55

Digestion in Esophagus

Back 55

walls contract to send food from mouth to stomach

Front 56

Digestion in Stomach

Back 56

muscles churn and mix food

Front 57

Digestion in Small Intestine

Back 57

Chyme mixes w/ enzymes and digestive fluids

Front 58

Accesory Organs in Digestive System

Back 58

Pancreas: produces enzymes and sodium bicarbonate
Liver: produces bile
Gall Bladder: stores bile
Jejunum/Ileum: absorption of nutrients into blood stream
Billi: incr. surface area for absorption

Front 59

Function of Excretory System

Back 59

to remove wastes

Front 60

Kidney Function

Back 60

remove waste from blood
maintain blood ph
regulate water content of blood and blood volume

Front 61

Ureter

Back 61

tube leaves kidney carrying urine to the urinary bladder

Front 62

Urinary Bladder

Back 62

saclike organ where urine is stored

Front 63

Nephrons

Back 63

functional unit of kidneys

Front 64

Function of endocrine system

Back 64

made up of glands that release their products into the bloodstream, these products deliver mesages throught the body.

Front 65

Pituitary gland-

Back 65

secretes nine hormones that directly regulate many body functions and controls the actions of several other endocrine glands..

Front 66

Hypothalamus

Back 66

controls secretions of pituitary gland

Front 67

thyroid

Back 67

regulates bodys metabolism

Front 68

adrenal glands

Back 68

release hormones that help the body prepare and deal with stress

Front 69

pancreas

Back 69

releases insulin and glucagon to help maintain the level of glucose in the blood stable

Front 70

Diabetes Mellitus

Back 70

when pancreas fails to produce insulin

Front 71

Male reproductive System function

Back 71

to produce and deliver sperm

Front 72

Scrotum
Semineferous Tubules
Epidymis
Vas Deferens
Urethra

Back 72

Scrotum- external sac holds testes
Semi- sperm produced in testes
Epid- fully mature sperm
Vas- sperm moved into here
U- tube that leads through penis

Front 73

Female reproductive system function

Back 73

to produce ova, nourish a developing embryo

Front 74

Menstrual Cycle

Back 74

follicular
ovulation
luteal phase
menstruation

Front 75

Implantation

Back 75

the embryo secretes enzymes that digest a path into the soft tissue

Front 76

Placenta function

Back 76

connection between mother and fetus

Front 77

Immune System Function

Back 77

to fight infection through the production of cells that inactivate foreign substances or cells called immunity

Front 78

Disease Causes

Back 78

agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi
others caused by enviorment, such as cigarette smoke
inherited

Front 79

Non specific defenses

Back 79

include physical and chemical barriers
Skin
Inflammatory Response (fever)

Front 80

Specific Defenses

Back 80

if a pathogen is able to get past the non specific defenses the immune system fights back

Front 81

Autoimmune Diseases

Back 81

when the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the bodys own cells