Biology Exam #3 Flash Cards

Front 1

Animals?

Back 1

Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that obtain nutrients by ingestion

Front 2

Eating food?

Back 2

Ingestion

Front 3

What do animal cells lack?

Back 3

Cell wall

Front 4

Distinctive features of animals?

Back 4

1. Lack cell walls
2. Held together by extracellular structural proteins and by unique types of intercellular junctions
3. Muscle cells for movement and nerve cells for conducting impulses

Front 5

Blastula?

Back 5

Hollow ball of cells, earn embryonic stage occuring after zygote divides by mitosis

Front 6

Gastrula?

Back 6

Stage that happens after the blastula folds inward

Front 7

Endoderm?

Back 7

Cell layer which lines the digestive tract

Front 8

Ectoderm?

Back 8

An outer cell layer that gives rise to the outer covering of the animal and in some phyla, to the central nervous system

Front 9

Mesoderm?

Back 9

Third embryonic layer that forms the muscles and most internal organs

Front 10

Larva?

Back 10

Immature individual that looks differently from the adult animal

Front 11

Metamorphosis?

Back 11

Larva undergoes a major change of body form in becoming an adult capable of reproducing sexually

Front 12

Radial symmetry?

Back 12

Body parts radiate from the center, animal has top and bottom but not left or right

Front 13

Bilateral symmetry?

Back 13

Mirror image right and left sides, anterior, posterior, dorsal, and ventral surface

Front 14

Body Cavity?

Back 14

Fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall cushions the internal organs and enables them to grow and move independently of the body wall

Front 15

Hydrostatic skeleton?

Back 15

Provides a rigid structure against which muscles contract, moving the animal

Front 16

True coelom?

Back 16

Body cavity completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm

Front 17

Protostomes?

Back 17

Becomes the mouth

Front 18

Deuterostomes?

Back 18

Opening becomes the anus

Front 19

Eumatazoans?

Back 19

Animals with true tissues

Front 20

Bilaterians?

Back 20

Animals that have bilateral symmetry

Front 21

Phylum Porifera?

Back 21

Sponges

Front 22

Most sponges lack?

Back 22

Body Symmetry

Front 23

Choanocytes?

Back 23

Inner layer of flagellated cells that help to sweep water through the sponges body

Front 24

Amoebocytes?

Back 24

Found in the middle body region, produce supportive skeletal fibers composed of a flexible protein called spongin and mineralized particles called spicules

Front 25

Suspension feeders?

Back 25

Animals that collect food particles from water passed through some type of food trapping equipment

Front 26

Sessile?

Back 26

Anchored in place adults are sessile, can't escape predators produce toxins and antibiotics

Front 27

Includes hyrdras, jellies, sea anemones, and corals?

Back 27

Cnidarians?

Front 28

Cnidarians?

Back 28

Characterized by radial symmetry and only two tissue layers, an outer epidermis and an inner cell that lines the digestive cavity

Front 29

Cnidarians two kinds of radial body types?

Back 29

Polyp and medusa

Front 30

Gastrovascular Cavity?

Back 30

Digestive compartment, circulates fluid that services internal cells, digests, physical support & movement

Front 31

Cnidocytes?

Back 31

Unique stinging cells that function in defense and in capturing prey. Each contains a fine thread coiled within a capsule

Front 32

Flatworms?

Back 32

Phylum platyhelminthes, simplest of the bilaterians, most have gastrovascular cavity with only one opening

Front 33

Three major groups of flatworms?

Back 33

Free-living flatworms, flukes, tapeworms

Front 34

Free-living flatworms?

Back 34

Planarians, pair of light sensitve eyespots, flap at each side that detects chemicals, highly branched gastrovascular cavity, live on the undersurfaces of rocks in freshwater ponds and streams

Front 35

Flukes?

Back 35

Live as parasites in other animals, reproductive organs occupy nearly the entire interior of these worms

Front 36

Tapeworms?

Back 36

Parasitic, inhabit the digestive tracts of vertebrates, very long ribbon like body with repeated units, absorb nutrients across body surface and have no digestive tracts

Front 37

Nematodes?

Back 37

Also called roundworms, phylum nematoda, bilateral symmetry, three-tissue layer construction, fluid-filled body cavity, and digestive tract with two openings

Front 38

Cuticle?

Back 38

Tough nonliving material that covers the body and prevents the nematode from drying out

Front 39

Complete digestive tract?

Back 39

Extends as a tube from the mouth to the anus near the tip of the tail, food travels one way through the system and is processed as it moves along

Front 40

Molluscs?

Back 40

Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, soft bodied animals, most protected by a hard shell

Front 41

Three main parts of a mollusc?

Back 41

Foot, visceral mass, mantle

Front 42

Radula?

Back 42

Used to scrape up food by molluscs

Front 43

Circulatory system?

Back 43

Organ system that pumps blood and distributes nutrients and oxygen throughout the body

Front 44

Gastropods?

Back 44

Largest group of molluscs, found in fresh water, salt water, and terrestrial environments, include the only molluscs that live on land, protected by a single spiral shell,

Front 45

Bivalves?

Back 45

Include clams, mussles, and scallops, shells divided into two halves that are hinged together, suspension feeders, sedentary

Front 46

Cephalopods?

Back 46

Adapted to the lifestyle of fast, agile predators. Shell is internal, radula, squid, octopus, large brains and sophisticated sense organs, most complex eyes in animal kingdom

Front 47

Annelids?

Back 47

Phylum annelida, earthworms, polychaetes, leeches, uses its flexible body to crawl and burrow rapidly into the soil, closed circulatory system

Front 48

Segmentation

Back 48

The subdivision of the body along its lenght into a series of repeated parts

Front 49

Open circulatory system?

Back 49

Blood is pumped through vessels that open into body cavities where organs are bathed directly in blood

Front 50

Closed circulatory system?

Back 50

Blood remains enclosed in vessels as it distributes nutrients and oxygen throughout the body

Front 51

Earthworms?

Back 51

Closed circulatory system, hermaphrodites, segmented

Front 52

Polychaetes?

Back 52

Largest group of annelids, swims by moving paddle like appendages, marine, tube-dwellers

Front 53

Leeches?

Back 53

Bloodsucking habits, free-living carnivores that eat small invertabrates such as snails and insects, most inhabit fresh water, produces anticoagulant, once medicinal

Front 54

Arthropods?

Back 54

Crayfish, lobsters, spiders, ticks, segmentated, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages, open circulatory system

Front 55

Exoskeleton?

Back 55

Cuticle, an external skeleton that protects the animal and provides points of attachment for the muscles that move the appendages

Front 56

Molting?

Back 56

Periodically shedding old exoskeleton and secrete larger one

Front 57

Chelicerates?

Back 57

Scorpions, spiders, ticks, mites, called arachnids, horseshoe crabs,

Front 58

Millipedes?

Back 58

Wormlike terrestrial creatures that eat decaying plant matter, two pairs of short legs per body segment

Front 59

Centipedes?

Back 59

Terrestrial carnivores with a pair of poison claws used in defense and to paralyze prey such as cockroaches and flies, 1 pair of legs per segment

Front 60

Crustaceans?

Back 60

Nearly all aquatic, lobsters and shrimps, barnacles,

Front 61

Echinoderms?

Back 61

Sea stars, sand dollars, slow-moving sessile marine animals, radially symmetrical as adults, water vascular system, endoskeletons, capable of regeneration

Front 62

Endoskeleton?

Back 62

Internal skeleton under the thin skin of the animal, formed by extensions of the hard calcium containing plates

Front 63

Water Vascular System?

Back 63

Network of water-filled canals that branch into extensions called tube feet

Front 64

Our phylum?

Back 64

Chordata

Front 65

Embryos and adults of chordates have...?

Back 65

1. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
2. Notochord
3. Pharyngeal slits
4. Post-anal tail

Front 66

Notochord?

Back 66

Flexible, supportive, longitudinal rod located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord

Front 67

Pharyngeal Slits?

Back 67

Located in the pharynx, the region just behind the mouth

Front 68

Post-anal tail?

Back 68

Tail posterior to the anus?

Front 69

Invertebrate chordates?

Back 69

Do not have a backbone, ie. lancelets, tunicates

Front 70

Tunicates?

Back 70

Stationary, adhere to rocks and boats, common on coral reefs, suspension feeders

Front 71

Lancelets?

Back 71

Feed on suspended particles, bladelike chordates, live in marine sands,

Front 72

Craniates?

Back 72

All chordates with a head.

Front 73

Tetrapods?

Back 73

Jawed vertabrates with two pairs of limbs

Front 74

Amniotes?

Back 74

Tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg

Front 75

Anthropoids?

Back 75

Include monkeys and apes, larger brain relative to body size, rely more on eye sight, fully opposable thumbs,

Front 76

Hominoids?

Back 76

Ape group that includes humans, orangutans, gorillas, chimps, no tail, generally long arms and short tails,

Front 77

New world monkeys?

Back 77

Found in central and south america, nostrils wide open and far apart, woolly spider monkey, tamarin, prehensile tails

Front 78

Old world monkeys?

Back 78

Lack prehensile tails, nostrils open downward, mandrills, baboons, arboreal, some ground-dwelling

Front 79

Hominids?

Back 79

Species that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees and are therefore on the human branch of the evolutionary tree

Front 80

Australopiths?

Back 80

Hominid groups between 4 and 2 million years ago

Front 81

Evolved long before and enlarged brain?

Back 81

Upright posture

Front 82

Larger brains mark the evolution of...?

Back 82

Homo

Front 83

Enlargement of the hominid brain is first evident in fossils of?

Back 83

Homo Habilis about 2.4 MYA

Front 84

Our human ancestors that diverged half a million years ago

Back 84

Neanderthals

Front 85

Homo sapiens spread around the world from origins in?

Back 85

Africa

Front 86

Anatomy?

Back 86

The study of the form of an organisms structures

Front 87

Physiology?

Back 87

The study of the functions of those structures?

Front 88

Tissue?

Back 88

Integrated group of similar cells that perform a common function. The cells of a tissue are specialized, and their structure enables them to perform a specific task

Front 89

Organ?

Back 89

Made up of two or more types of tissues that together perform a specific task.

Front 90

Organ System?

Back 90

Conists of multiple organs that together perform a vital body finction

Front 91

Epithelial Tissue?

Back 91

Covers the body and lines its organs and cavities, sheets of tightly packed cells. Simple epithelium, stratified epithelium, pseudostratified epithelium

Front 92

Single epithelium?

Back 92

Single layer of cells

Front 93

Stratified Epithelium?

Back 93

Multiple layer of cells

Front 94

Pseudostratified epithelium?

Back 94

Single layer of cells that appears to be stratified because the cells vary in length

Front 95

Three shapes of cells?

Back 95

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Front 96

Lines the air sacs of the lungs?

Back 96

Simple squamous epithelium

Front 97

Forms a tube in the kidney?

Back 97

Simple cubiodal epithelium

Front 98

Lines the intestines?

Back 98

Simple columnar epithelium

Front 99

Lines the respiratory tract?

Back 99

Pseudostratifies ciliated columnar epithelium

Front 100

Lines the esophagus?

Back 100

Stratified squamous epithelium

Front 101

Connective tissue?

Back 101

Binds and supports other tissues, consists of a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix

Front 102

Loose connective tissue?

Back 102

Most common tissue, matrix is a loose weave of fibers, serves mainly as a binding and packing material holding other tissues and organs in place

Front 103

Fibrous connective tissue?

Back 103

Has a matrix of densely packed parallel bundles of collagen fibers, an arrangement that maximizes its nonelastic strength, forms tendons, and ligaments

Front 104

Adipose tissue?

Back 104

Stores fat in large, closely packed adipose cells held in a sparse matrix of fibers, pads and insulates the body and stores energy

Front 105

Cartilage?

Back 105

Connective tissue that forms a strong but flexible skeletal material, consists of an abundance of collagen fibers embedded in a rubbery material, commonly surrounds the ends of bones, supports the nose and ears and forrms the cushioning disks between our vertebrate

Front 106

Bone?

Back 106

Has a matrix of collagen fibers embedded in a hard mineral substance made of calcium,magnesium, and phosphate, combo of fibers and minerals makes bone strong without being brittle

Front 107

Blood?

Back 107

Extensive extracellular consists in a liquid called plasma that conists of water, salts, and dissolved proteins, functions mainly in transporting substances from one part of the body to another and in immunity

Front 108

Muscle tissue functions in...?

Back 108

Movement

Front 109

Muscle Tissue?

Back 109

Consists of bundles of long cells called muscle fibers and is the most abundant tissue in most animals. Within the cytoplasm of muscle fibers are large numbers of contractile proteins arranged in parallel.

Front 110

Skeletal muscle?

Back 110

Attached to bones by tendons and is responsbile or voluntary movements of the body. The arrangement of the contractile units along the length of muscle cells gives them a striped or striated appearance

Front 111

Cardiac Muscle?

Back 111

Forms the contractile tissue of the heart, striated like skeletal muscle but cells are branched interconnecting at specialized junctions that rapidly relay the signal to contract from cell to cell during the heartbeat

Front 112

Smooth Muscle?

Back 112

Gets its name from its lack of striations. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and other internal organs, resposible for involuntary body activities, such as movement of food through the intestines

Front 113

Nervous tissue forms a...?

Back 113

Communication network

Front 114

Nervous tissue?

Back 114

Senses stimuli and rapidly transmits information from one part of an animal to another

Front 115

Neuron?

Back 115

Structural and functional unit of nervous unit tissue, uniquely specialized to conduct electrical nerve impluses

Front 116

Four stages in which fod processing occurs?

Back 116

1. Ingestion

2. Digestion

3. Absorption

4. Elimination

Front 117

Ingestion?

Back 117

The act of eating

Front 118

Digestion?

Back 118

The breaking down of food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb. Typically occurs in two phases, food is tore up by teeth and then hyrdolysis

Front 119

Absorption?

Back 119

Cells lining the digestive tract absorb the products of digestion, some nutrients are converted to fat for storage, or broken down to provide energy

Front 120

Elimination?

Back 120

Undigested material passes out of the digestive tract

Front 121

Peristalsis?

Back 121

Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles lining the canal, enables us to process and digest food while laying down, moves from from esophagus to stomach

Front 122

Sphincters?

Back 122

Ringlike valves that regulate the passage of food into and out of the stomach.

Front 123

How food travels in the body?

Back 123

1. Mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small Intestine
6. Large Intestine
7. Rectum
8. Rectum

Front 124

Bolus?

Back 124

Ball of food shaped by the mouth easier for swallowing

Front 125

Stomach stores food and breaks it down with...?

Back 125

Acid and Enzymes

Front 126

Gastric Juice?

Back 126

Made up of mucus, enzymes, and strong acid, pH is 2, helps break apart cells in food, kills bacteria and microbes in food

Front 127

Major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption?

Back 127

Small intestine