Biology Exam 3

Front 1

A family tree representing the occurance of heritable traits in parents and offspring across a number of generations

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Pedigree

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The exchange of segments between chromatids of homologous chrosomes during synapisis in prophase 1 of meiosis; also, the exchange of segments between DNA molecules in prokaryotes

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Crossing over

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an individual who is heterozygous for a recessively inherited disorder and who therefore does not show symptoms of that disorder but who may pass on the recessive allele

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Carriers

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A display of micrographs of the metaphase chrosomes of a cell, arranged by size and centromere position

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Karyotype

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A genetic disease that occurs in people with two copies of a certain recessive allele characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and vulnerability to infection

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Cystic Fibrosis

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A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by excessive bleeding following injury

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Hemophilia

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What function does cell division play in your body

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Development, Growth, and Repair

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The particular site where a gene is found on a chrosome

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Locus

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The union of the necleus of a sperm cell with the necleus of an egg cell, producing a zygote

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Fertalization

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In the lifecycle of an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell contaiing a single set of chrosomes, an n cell

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Haploid Cell

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Having 2 identical alleles

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Homozygous

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Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell that develops into a sperm or egg

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somatic cell

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Procedure that analyzes DNA fragments to determine weather they come from a specific individual

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DNA profiling

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Virus that infects bacteria

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Bacteriophages

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Treatment for disease in which a patients gene is altered

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Gene therapy

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Organism that aquired artifical gene(s)

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Genetically modified organisms

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A genetic makeup of an organism

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Genotype

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The expressed traits of an organism

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Phenotype

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A varient of a character found within a population

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Trait

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A heritable feature that varies among individuals within a population

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Character

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Formed of microtubules and proteins; involved in the movements of chrosomes during mitosis and meiosis

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Mitotic spindle

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The creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent without the participation of sperm and egg

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Asexual Reproduction

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Produces haploid gametes from the diploid cells; the division of a single diploid into four haploid cells

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Meiosis

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A period in the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell is not actually dividing; constitutes most of the time spent in the cell cycle

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Interphase

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A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis

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Cell Plate

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One of two identical parts of a duplicated chrosome in a eukaryotic cell

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Sister Chromatids

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The reproduction of a cell

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Cell Division

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The division of the cytoplasm to form two seperate daughter cells; occursd during telephase of mitosis

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Cytokinesis

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Study of whole sets of genes and their interactions

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Genomics

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Genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absence of carbolhydrates

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AOB blood group

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Mating between close relatives

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Inbreeding

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Rule stating that the probability that an event can occur in two or more alternative ways is the sum of the different ways

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Rule of addition

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Sex-linked human disorder involving x gene chrosomes

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Red-green colorblindness

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A technique for examining a fetus by using high frequency sound waves

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Ultra sound imaging

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direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

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genetic engineering

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A protein secretated by the anterior pituitary that promotes development and growth and stimulates metabolism

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growth factor

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the structures that contain most of the organisms DNA

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chrosomes

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an abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neibhoring tissues and to other parts of the body

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maligant tumor

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necleotide sequences that are present in many copies in the DNA genome

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repetitive DNA

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when a cells duplicated chrosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle

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metaphase

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a type of inheritance in which the phenotypes of the heteroozygote and dominant homozygote are indisguishable

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complete dominance

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allele that determines the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene

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dominant allele

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single ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA

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cytosine

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the arrest of cell division that occurs when cells grown in a labaratory dish touch one another

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density-dependent inhibition

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repetition of part of a chrosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous error in meiosis or form mutagenesis

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duplication

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a diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertalization

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punnett square

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effort to map a sequence of DNA of the entire human genome

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human genome project (HGP)

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scientific analysis of evidence for crime scene/legal proceedings

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forensics

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a microscopic particle capable of infecting cells of living organisms and inserting its genetic material; generally not considered alive

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virus

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a chrosome that determines weather an individual is male or female

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sex chrosomes

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first sign of cytokinesis during cell division in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

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clevage furrow

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the fertalized egg, which is diploid, that results from the union of a sperm cell necleus and an egg cell necleus

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zygote

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specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recgonized as a "cut site" by an enzyme

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restriction site

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an abdominal mass of cells that forms within otherwise normal tissue

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tumor

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the spread of cancer cells beyond their origional state

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metastasis

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three-necleotide in mRNA that specifys a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination signal; basic unit of genetic code

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codons

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the science of heredity

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genetics

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a type of cancer of the blood forming tissues, characterized by an excessive production of white blood cells and an abnormally high number of them in the blood; cancer of the bone marrow cells

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leukemias

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the creation of offspring by the fusion of two haploid sex cells (gametes) forming a diploid zygote

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sexual reproduction

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offspring of two different species; offpsring that differs in one or more inherited trait; individual that is heterozygous for one or more pairs of genes

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hybrids

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genes located near eachother on the same chrosome that tend to be inherited together

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linked genes

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bacterial enzyme that cuts up foreign DNA, protects DNA from phages

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restriction enzymes

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allele that has no noticeable effect on the phenotype of a gene when the individual is heterozygous for that gene

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recessive allele

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the region of a duplicated chrosome where two sister chromatids are joined and where spindle microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis; divides at the onset of anaphase during mitosis and anaphase II during meiosis

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centromere

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rule that when gametes form during meiosis, each pair of alleles for a particular characteristic segregate independently of other pars

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law of independent assortment

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daughter neclei form at the two poles of a cell

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telophase

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a form of human dwarfism caused by a single dominant allele; homozygous condition

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anchondroplasia

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an ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a eukaryotic cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells

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cell cycle

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principle stating that genes are located on chrosomes and that the behavior of chrosomes during meiosis accounts from inheritance patterns

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chrosome theory of inheritance

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the requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface

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anchorage dependence

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cancer of the tissues that form white blood cells

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lymphomas

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a cyclically operating set of proteins that triggers and coordinates events in the eukaryotic cell cycle

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cell cycle control system

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molecular basis of genes and gene expressions

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molecular biology

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an experimental mating of individuals different at two genetic loci

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dihybrid cross

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an accident of meiosis and mitosis in which a repar of homologus chrosomes or a par of sister chromatids fair to seperate at anaphase

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nondisjunction

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double ring nitrogenous base found in DNA and RNA

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adenine/ guanine

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an experimental mating of individuals differing at one genetic locus

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mono-hybrid cross

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rule stating that individuals have two alleles for each gene and when gametes form by meiosis, two alleles seperate, each resulting gamete ending up with only one allele of each gene

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law of segregation

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located on the y chrosome

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sex-linked genes

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chromatin condences to form structures (sister chromatids) visable with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle spindle begins to form but the necleus is still intact

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prophase

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technique for diagnosing genetic defects while the fetus is in early development stage within the uterus; sample of placenta is removed and analyzed

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chorionic villus sampling

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chain to which DNA and RNA nitrogenous base are attached

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sugar-phosphate backbone

Front 83

fusion of sperm and egg from two individuals

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cross-fertalization

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caused by a dominant allele; uncontrolable body movement and degeneration of the nervous system

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Huntington's disease

Front 85

during protein synthesis, the movement of a tRNA molecule carrying a growing polypeptide chain from A site to the P site on a Ribosome; a change in chrosome resulting from a chrosomal fragment attaching to a nonhomologus chrosome

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translocation

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rule stating that the probablility of a compund event is the product of seperate possabilities

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rule of multiplication

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organic monomer consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and phosphate group

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nucleotide

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set of three-necleotide long "words" that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains

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triplet code

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the production of offspring with allele compinations different from those in the parents

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genetic recombination

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the complex of DNA and proteins that constitutes eukaryotic chrosomes; ofted used to refer to the diffuse, very extended ffrom taken by chrosomes when a cell is not dividing

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chromatin

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single ring nitrogenous base in DNA

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thymine

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specific proteins made by white blood cells to attack foreign molecules

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antibodies

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the parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance

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p-generation

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the mating of an individual of unknown genotype for a particular characteristic and an individual that is homozygous recessive for that same characteristic

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test cross

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an abnormal mass of cells that remains at its origional site in the body

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benign tumor

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having two different alleles

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heterozygous

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the offspring of F1 generation

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F2 generation

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the loss of one or more necleotides from a gene by mutation; the loss of a fragment of a chrosome

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deletion

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genetically identical copies of a cell

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clone

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humans have ___ chrosomes

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46

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the part of a cell cycle when a necleus is divided, its chrosomes are distributed to the daughter necleui and the cytoplasm divided producting two daughter cells

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mitotic phase (m phase)

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a human genetic disorder resulting from the presence of an extra chrosome 21;characterized by heart and respatory defects, mental retardation

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down syndrome/ trysomy 21

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material in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that gives rise to microtubules

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centrosomes

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neclear envelope fragments and spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the siter chromatids

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prometaphase

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in an organsim that reproduces sexually; a cell containing two sets of chrosomes, one set from each parent

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diploid cell

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an alternative version of a gene

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alleles

Front 107

study of whole sets of proteins and their interactions

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protemics

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protective ends of chrosomes

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telomeres

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use of organisms to make or modify products

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biotechnology

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non-coding regions cosisting of tandomly repeated base sequences

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VNTRs

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the number of repeats for each VTR varies greatly from two different individuals

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highly variable

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the same VNTRs in the same chrosome loci

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highly conserved

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seperates molecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins) according to size and shape

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electrophoresis

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porous gel made from agar which provides medium for seperating molecules in size and charge

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agarose

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series of amino acids

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proteins

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contains "anti codon" and amino acid

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tRNA

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produces antibodies for "B"

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type A

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produces antibodies against "A"

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Type B

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produces no "A" or "B" antibodies

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Type AB

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produces antibodies for both "A" and "B"

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Type O

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Type A can recieve _____

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A or O blood

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Type B can recieve _____

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B or O blood

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Type AB can recieve _____

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A, B, or O blood types

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Type O can recieve _____

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only type O

Front 125

What are the enviornmental effects on a phenotype

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1. temperature affects melanin in siamese cats
2. PH of soil influences the flower color in some plants

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too few or too many chrosomes

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aneupoidy
(down syndrome/ extra chrosome 21)

Front 127

caused by the cell cycle control system malfunctioning

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cancer

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sister chromatids line up as _____ in _____

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tetrads, metaphase I

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before cell division, occurs in Necleus, DNA untiwsts, and bubbles open up and has 3 billion nucleotide pairs

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Replication

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copies gene by using mRNA in necleus

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transcription