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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Cellular Respiration? |
- Consumers and decomposers use the O2 and energy in sugar, to create ATP molecules
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What are the by products of Cellular Respiration? |
- CO2 and H2O are released as by-products of this reaction.
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How do cells extract energy during cellular respiration? |
- Energy is not produced in cellular respiration; it is released from organic molecules |
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The small amount of energy that is released from the flow of electrons can be? |
- Captured & stored in ATP |
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What is Oxidation- Reduction (Redox) Reaction? |
- is a type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two species |
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Loss of electrons is called? |
- OXIDATION |
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Gain of electrons is called? |
- REDUCTION |
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What are the 2 types of cellular respiration? |
(1) Aerobic (2) Anaerobic |
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Aerobic Respiration requires what? & occurs where? |
- requires oxygen - occurs in the mitochondria |
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Anaerobic Respiration occurs where? & does not require what? |
- occurs in the cytoplasm - no oxygen is used |
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Explain what happen is Aerobic Respiration? |
- Glucose + oxygen--} carbon dioxide + water +36 ATP - glucose is broken down, converted into CO2 - oxygen gains hydrogen, converted into H2O water - 36 ATP molecules are gained |
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What are Metabolic Pathways? |
- substances enter from other pathways, and other substances leave for other pathways.
- These pathways are not closed systems. - Many of the products in a particular pathway are reactants in other pathways. |
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(Sugars) Glucose Metabolism. |
- adequate ATP present, excess glucose is converted into glycogen for storage. molecule - made & stored in the liver & muscles - taken out of storage if blood sugar levels drop - allows ATP to be produced for a longer time during exercise |
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(Proteins) Glucose Metabolism |
- proteins broken down by a variety of enzymes - amino acids are recycled into new proteins - excess amino acids, shunted into pathways of glucose catabolism. - Urea is the principal waste product in mammals from the nitrogen originating in amino acids, and it leaves the body in urine. |
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(LIPIDS) Glucose Metabolism |
- ex: Cholesterol & triglycerides - connected to the glucose pathways - Fatty acids are broken into two-carbon units that enter the citric acid cycle. |
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Cholesterol is a lipid that contributes to? |
- cell membrane flexibility - & is a precursor of steroid hormones |
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Triglycerides store twice as much? |
- energy as carbohydrates - long term energy storage |
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Triglycerides can be both made & broken down through? |
- parts of the glucose catabolism pathways |
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Glycogen from the liver and muscles, together with fats, can feed into where?
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- the catabolic pathways for carbohydrates. |
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Alcohol and Lactic acid fermentation are
products of what type of respiration? |
- Anaerobic Respiration |
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What does alcohol fermentation produce? |
- Ethanol |
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Alcohol fermentation includes the fermenting of what? |
- fermentation of PYRUVIC ACID by YEAST |
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Alcohol fermentation includes removing an electron from NADH, forming NAD+, producing ethanol from what? (this also accepts the electron) |
- acetaldehyde |
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Lactic Acid fermentation occurs in? |
- mammalian red blood cells and in skeletal muscle that has insufficient oxygen supply |
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What happens during Lactic Acid fermentation? |
- electrons and Hydrogen from NADH change pyruvate to lactate in muscle cells. |
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Lactic acid build up causes? |
- muscle stiffness & fatigue |
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Once the lactic acid has been removed from the muscle by blood circulation, it is circulated to the liver where it can be converted back to?
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- pyruvic acid and further catabolized for energy |
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The loss of carbon dioxide from pyruvic acid
reduces the molecule by one carbon atom, making what? |
- acetaldehyde |
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What does Glycolysis mean? |
- splitting of sugar - organisms carry out glycolysis as part of their metabolism |
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Glycolysis takes place where? |
- in the cytoplasm |
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Glycolysis begins with the six-carbon, ring-shaped structure of a single glucose molecule, & ends with? |
- two molecules of a 3- carbon sugar called pyruvate |
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Summary of what happens during Glycolysis? |
- Glucose is broken into 2 molecules of Pyruvate - 2 ATP are used to break glucose into Pyruvate, 4 ATP are produced - net gain of 2 ATP |
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Where does the Transition Reaction take place? |
- mitochondria |
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During transition reaction pyruvate is converted into? |
- a 2 carbon acetyl group (by removing a molecule of carbon dioxide) |
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Transition Reaction 2 carbon acetyl group is picked up by carrier called? |
- Coenzyme A (CoA) |
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Transition Reaction No ATP is generated, 2 hydrogen atoms are picked up by NADH, & the resulting compound is called? |
- Acetyl CoA |
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Citric Acid Cycle (KREBS) takes place where? |
- Mitochondria in eukaryotic cells |
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Citric Acid Cycle contains how many steps? |
- eight steps of the cycle are a series of chemical reactions - the last part of the pathway regenerates the compound used in the first step |
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Citric Acid Cycle produces? |
- 2 carbon dioxide molecules - 1 ATP molecule - 3 NADH - 1 FADH2 (important coenzymes in the cell) **It takes 2 turns of the cycle to process the equivalent of one glucose molecule |
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Citric Acid Cycle provides the 3rd stage (ETS) with what? |
- electrons |
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What is the Electron Transport System (ETS)? |
- a series of chemical reactions where electrons are passed rapidly from one component to the next, to the endpoint of the chain where oxygen is the final electron acceptor and water is produced. |
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The Electron Transport CHAIN is? |
- 4 complexes composed of proteins, together with associated mobile, accessory electron carriers.
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The energy of the electrons is harvested and used to generate ?
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- a electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane - the potential energy of this gradient is used to generate ATP |
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The flow of hydrogen ions across the membrane through ATP synthase is called ?
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- chemiosmosis. |
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How many Pyruvate molecules are produced at the end of glycolysis ?
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- two pyruvate molecules
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What is the final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration?
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- OXYGEN |
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ATP net production from each stage of
respiration? |
(1) Glycolysis / Transition Reaction= 2 ATP (2) Citric Acid Cycle= 2 ATP (3) Electron Transport System= 32 ATP |
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Total net ATP production across all 3 phases of cellular respiration?
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- Total Net Production= 36
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Number of Hydrogen atoms (with electrons) picked up by the electron carriers in Glycolysis?
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- Two electrons (as H atoms) are picked up by NAD+ |
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Number of Hydrogen atoms (with electrons) picked up by the electron carriers in Transition Reaction?
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- Two Electron picked up (as hydrogen atom) by One NADH |
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Number of Hydrogen atoms (with electrons) picked up by the electron carriers in Citric Acid Cycle?
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- NAD accepts 2 electrons (and energy) during the oxidation of acetyl CoA |
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Most ancient/primitive stage of respiration?
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- Anaerobic Respiration - doesn't require organelles (most primitive/ancient) enables organisms to convert energyfor their use in the absence of oxygen. |
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Carotenoid pigments are usually what colors? |
- red, orange, or yellow |
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Aerobic Respiration Pyruvate is formed in what stage? |
- Glycolysis |
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Aerobic Respiration Most of the Carbon Dioxide is released in what stage? |
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) |
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Aerobic Respiration What stage converts Pyruvate to acetyl CoA? |
- Transition Reaction |
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Aerobic Respiration Number of H (hydrogen) atoms sent to the ETS electron transport system from each glucose? |
- TWELEVE |
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How can you determine the amount of energy of a light wave? |
- by measuring its wave length ** short, tight waves carry the most energy |
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Top of a light wave is called? |
- CREST |
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Bottom of a light wave is called? |
- TROUGH |
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Pigments reflect the color of the wavelengths that they cannot? |
- Absorb |
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Chlorophyll A absorbs what colors? |
- Red & blue - not Green |
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Chlorophyll B absorbs what colors? |
- Blue & red-orange light |
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PGAL is also known as? |
- G3P (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) |
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What is Chemoautotrophy? |
- a way to create energy molecules without the sun. |
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The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from?
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- WATER |
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Which plant structures are responsible for gas exchange?
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- STOMATA |
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When does carbon fixation occur? |
- During the Calvin Cycle |
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What is produced as a result of the light reactions which is used to power the Calvin cycle?
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- ATP |
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When sunlight hits a photosystem, _________ loses its electrons to an _____________.
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CHLOROPHYLL; ELECTRON ACCEPTOR |
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The Calvin Cycle requires what energy, that is made form the light reactions? |
- ATP & NADPH |
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What product is made in photolysis? |
Oxygen |
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Plants take in carbon dioxide from ______ and in the process of ________ build carbohydrates.
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Air; Photosynthesis |
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What product is realized at the end of light reactions? |
- Oxygen |
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Which molecules are involved in the light dependent reactions?
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- Water & Oxygen |
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If plants close their stomata on a hot dry day to conserve water. How does this impact photosynthesis?
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- The rate of photosynthesis decreases |
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Which part of the plant cell performs photosynthesis?
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- The Chloroplast |
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What does light do when it strikes the
chlorophyll molecules of photosystems 2? |
- causes electrons to gain energy (get excited) & travel down an electron transport chain |
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After light excites electrons & they leave Photosystem 2 to travel down the first electron transport chain. How are these electrons replaced to Photosystem 2?
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- WATER IS SPLIT, & THE ELECTRONS ARE GIVEN TO THE CHLOROPHYLL MOLECULES OF PHOTOSYSTEM 2
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The splitting of water at photosystem 2 is known as _______ & results in the production of _______?
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(1)PHOTOLYSIS
(2) OXYGEN, HYDROGEN IONS(PROTONS), & ELECTRONS THAT ARE GIVEN TO PHOTOSYSTEM 2 |
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As the electrons travel from photosystem 2 down the first electron transport chain their
energy is used to? |
- PUMP HYDROGEN IONS INTO THE THYLAKOID SPACE, PRODUCING A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT THAT WILL LATER BE USED BY ATP SYNTHASE TO FORM ATP.
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Why do hydrogen ions flow from the thylakoid space to the storm through ATP synthase?
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THEY FLOW PASSIVELY FROM HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION VIA FACILITATED DIFFUSION. AS THEY FLOW THROUGH ATP SYNTHASE, THE ENZYME SPINS & PRODUCES ATP
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After electrons get excited by light a second time (@ photosystem 1), where do they go?
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- THEY TRAVEL DOWN A SECOND ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN & ARE DONATED TO NADP+, WHICH BECOMES NADPH (AN ELECTRON CARRIER)
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What happens during the carbon fixation stage of the calvin cycle (light-dependent reactions) ?
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- THE ENZYME RUBISCO ATTACHES CO2 TO RUBP, CAUSING THE FORMATION OF MOLECULES OF 3- PHOSPHOGLYCERATE.
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What happens during the reduction stage of the calvin cycle?
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- ENERGY FROM ATP & ELECTRONS FROM NADPH ARE USED TO REDUCE 3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE TO FORM G3P MOLECULES
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What happens during the regeneration stage of the calvin cycle?
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- THE REMAINING G3P MOLECULES ARE USED TO RE-FORM RUBP THROUGH A SERIES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, SO THAT THE CALVIN CYCLE CAN CONTINUE.
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The green pigment responsible for capturing light during photosynthesis is?
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- Chlorophyll |
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The products of photosynthesis are the starting materials for?
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- Cell Respiration |
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C4 plants limit photorespiration and save water by?
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- CONCENTRATING CO2 IN BUNDLE-SHEATH CELLS
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CAM plants limit photorespiration and save water by?
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- CLOSING STOMATA DURING THE DAY
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Fats, proteins, & carbohydrates are not digested using cellular respiration pathways?
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- FALSE |
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What are the reactants in photosynthesis?
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- Carbon Dioxide & Water |
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Why do people, animals, & all other organisms do cell respiration?
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- to make ATP - CO2 & H2O are also produced as byproducts |
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Glycolysis, the link reaction, Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), & the electron transport chain are all part of?
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- Aerobic Respiration |
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What are the reactants in respiration?
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- Glucose & Oxygen |
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What is found in both cellular respiration & photosynthesis?
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- Electron Transport Chains |
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Light-dependent reactions & light-independent reactions(calvin cycle) are parts of?
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- Photosynthesis |
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Products of Photosynthesis? |
- Oxygen & Glucose |
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Why do plants perform photosynthesis? |
- to make food. |
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Which process cannot occur without glucose or some other form of food that cells can use?
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- Respiration |
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Products of Respiration? |
- CO2 - ATP - H2O |
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What organelle does aerobic cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen?
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- Mitochondrion |
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What organelle needs oxygen in order to function?
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- Mitochondria |
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What organelle is only found in plants & makes glucose from carbon dioxide & water?
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- Chloroplast |
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What organelle needs light in order to function? |
- Chloroplast |
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Which cells are most responsible for doing photosynthesis?
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THE PALISADE MESOPHYLL CELLS NEAR THE TOP OF THE LEAF.
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Where does the light-dependent reactions take place?
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- In Thylakoids (green disks) |
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Where does the light-independent reactions (calvin cycle) take place?
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- In the Stroma (fluid surrounding thylakoids) |
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Where is the only place on the membrane that lets hydrogen ions through?
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- A protein called ATP SYNTHASE |
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What happens to the electrons when they enter photosystem 1?
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- They're hit by light again, & gain energy |
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After the electrons get charged again in photosystem 1, where do they go?
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- continue down a second electron transport chain |
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When electrons leave the second transport chain they are used to reduce what?
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- NADP+ |
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When NADP+ is reduced by the electrons, what is formed?
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NADPH |
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Where does NADPH carry the electrons to?
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- Stroma to be used in the calvin cycle. |
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What is Phase 1 of the calvin cycle?
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CARBON FIXATION
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What happens during carbon fixation?
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CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) IS ATTACHED TO RUBP
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What connects CO2 & RuBP?
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ENZYME CALLED RUBISCO
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What is formed at the end of carbon fixation (phase 1)?
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- TWO MOLECULES OF 3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE FOR EACH CO2 ADDED( 6 MOLECULES OF 3- PHOSPHOGLYCERATE)
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What is phase 2 of the calvin cycle?
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REDUCTION
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What energy is required during reduction (phase 2)?
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ELECTRONS FROM NADPH & ATP
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What does the combination of NADPH & ATP connect to?
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A MOLECULE OF 3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE
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What is the final product of the Calvin Cycle?
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- G3P |
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What molecule exits at the end of the reduction (phase 2)?
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- 1 MOLECULE OF G3P, USED TO FORM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS LIKE GLUCOSE |
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What is phase 3 of the calvin cycle?
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REGENERATION OF RuBP
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What happens during the regeneration of RuBP (phase 3)? |
- THE OTHER FIVE G3P ARE USED TO REGENERATE RuBP SO THAT THE CALVIN CYCLE CAN CONTINUE |
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What energy is required to regenerate RuBP (phase 3)?
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- 3 ATP molecules |
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A series of reactions converts the 5 G3P into what?
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- 3 RuBP |
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After the calvin cycle has occurred twice, what molecule exits again, and what does this make up?
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- ANOTHER MOLECULE OF G3P EXITS, THESE TWO G3P MOLECULES COMBINE TO FORM GLUCOSE
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When you reduction is occurring (phase 2) what is happening?
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- adding electrons to CO2 |
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What is Electromagnetic Radiation? |
- Solar Energy |
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What is Visible light? |
- AMOUNT OF SOLAR ENERGY THAT HUMANS CAN PHYSICALLY SEE
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Dark Reactions = |
Calvin Cycle |
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Site of light Reactions? |
- Thylakoid |
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Site of Carbon Fixation? |
- Stroma |
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Splits water into hydrogen & oxygen? |
- Sunlight |
