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38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Limitations of the fossil record

habitat bias, taxonomic bias, temporal bias, abundance bias

Hadean Eon

4.5 BYA, no life, high volcanism, no oxygen in atmosphere.

Archean Eon

4 to 2.5 BYA. Oceans, volcanism, no oxygen, first cells (first bacteria 3.5 BYA), origin of photosynthesis.

Proterozoic Eon

2.5 BYA to 542 MYA, Stromatolites common (made by cyanobacteria), atmosphere and surface of oceans are oxygenated (2.4 MYA), Oxygen Catastrophe: Mass Extinction Event,



1st Eukaryotic Cells 1.8 BYA, First animals around 600 MYA (only in oceans)

Bilatarians

The early group that contains the animal phila that aren't organisms like jellfish (cnidarians), sponges, and choanoflagellates (outgroup)

All Animals Shared Derived Traits

-eukaryotes, no cell wall, gastrola stage, collagen production

Phanerozoic Eon

Cambrian explosion occurs in this eon around 542MYA

Cambrian Explosion

increased lifes diversity over 60 million years

Adaptive Radiation

Rapid speciation associated with ecological opportunities and/or morphological innovations that lead to diversification. The Cambrian explosion is associated with several adaptive radiations of animals.

Authropods

The first animals to make it onto land (420 MYA)

Tetrapods

animals with 4 legs evolving 365 MYA (Devonian period)

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic periods

Periods that make up the phanerozioc eon.


Paleozoic = cambrian explosion and first animals


Mesozoic = first mammals and dinosaurs: triassic, jurassic, cretaceous.


Cenozoic: At the end of it humans evolved.

Angiosperms

1st flowering plants 125 MYA, basic food crops

1st Primate Fossils

65 MYA

Hominins

5-6 MYA, group that is a subtype of hominids and includes modern humans



Shared Derived Trait: Bipedalism

200,000 YA

Homo Sapiens evolve

Mass Extinction Event

50% or more species go extinct within a few million years



Happen 1-10% per million years

End-Permian Extinction

over 90% went extinct during this time, biggest one yet in the phanerozoic eon

Shared Derived Traits of Mammals

hair, mammary glands



Placental mammals have placenta

Shared Derived Traits of Primates

eyes on front of face, 5 fingers on all limbs, flattened nails instead of claws

New World Monkeys

have the evolved trait of opposable thumbs and eyes on front

Old World Monkeys

have eyes on front, opposable thumbs and closely placed nostrils

Apes

evolved eyes on front, opposable thumbs, closely placed nostrils, and no tails

Prosimians

Have eyes on front

Hominidae

Great apes, humans are included here (hominins)

Homo Neanderthalensis

Hominin: resided in europe and middle east, genetic results indicate inbreeding between them and homo sapiens (1 to 4% of genomes of H sapiens are from neanderthals)

Homo Sapien

modern human, resided in Africa for 130,000 years then split into two groups and left africa about 60,000 YA. Most genetic diversity found in Africa.

Homo Erectus

Hominin resided in Asia

Vital Rates

BIDE (N1=N0 + BIDE)

Finding Lamda Without r

Nt=N0(lambda^t)

Lambda

Geometric Growth Rate (discrete)


growing when more than 1


stable when = to 1


shrinking when less than 1

r

per capita growth rate (at any instant in time)


lambda= e^r



growing: more than 0


stable = 0


shrinking: less than 0



r= b+i -d-e


For continuously growing populations

Nt=N0e^rt

Change in Population Growth Over A Short Time

delta N/delta t

Logistic Growth

S-shape. Slows toward K.



dN/dt = rN{K-N/K}

Things that CHANGE population growth

Biotic: predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, disease



Abiotic: temperature, disturbance, precipitation, pollution, salinity, pH

Things that REGULATE population growth

Biotic factors that have a NEGATIVE effect

Human Growth Rate

Remained constant but boomed after industrial revolution and then slowed in recent decades