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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
define tissues
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a functional group of cells of the same structure
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define organs
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functional structures made of ALL four tissue types
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epithelial tissue- unique characteristic and example
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cells regenerate rapidly
ex) skin, inner tube of digestive tract |
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connective (supportive) cells- unique characteristic, examples, function
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-all have abundant etracellular material b/c cells are spaced widely apart
-ex)bone, blood, cartilage -produce a non-cellular matrix important in providing support to body |
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what is the noncellular matrix of blood?
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plasma
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what is the important elastic protein that composes much of the non-cellular matrix of many connective tissues (eyes, ligaments)?
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collagen
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-muscle tissue: unique characteristic, 3 types of muscle and where found
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-relative abundance of actin and myosin filaments
-smooth muscle: involuntary; cardiac muscle: in heart; skeletal muscle: voluntary |
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nerve tissue- what is it responsible for?
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electrochemical communication
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what does an organ system do?
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has a higher level of organization to play certain roles (specialization)
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where are the first distinguishable cell layers found in development?
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gastrula
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synchronous hermaphrodites- define & example
-common? self-fertilizing? |
they have both active male and female parts at the same time, ex) grouper
-rare and don't self-fertilize |
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parthenogenesis- define and example
-what decides if eggs are male or female? |
-"virgin birth": young produced w/out fertilization ex) desert whiptail lizards and daphnia
-warm months: females develop -cold or dry months: some eggs are male which sexually respond w/ females |
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many parthenogenic offspring are _______ ex)
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haploid ex) bees, wasps, ants
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what do you call an organism that derives its food from complex organic substances? what does it require these substances for?
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heteretroph
-requires to get its carbon for growth & development |
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-fats: what type are less harmful? what type are worse?
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mono and polyunsaturated fats are less harmful; trans and unsaturated are worse
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what are trans fats made of? what does it do to cholesterol? what does it do to cells?
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made of mono and polyunsaturated fats that have been hydrogenated; it increases bad cholesterol and decreases good cholesterol; damages cell membranes
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what types of fat are on food labels in US? how do you find the other type?
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they list polyunsaturated and monounsaturated
-if you add those with saturated fat and the total doesn't equal total fat, the difference is the amt of trans fat |
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vitamins
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organic substances that function in metabolism in a variety of ways
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Vitamin A- what is it? where is it found? deficiency or other problems?
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-precursor to retinal, it's an antioidant used in vision/growth
-found in dairy, fish, eggs, veggies -too much can be toxic, lead to fractures, or birth defects in pregnancy |
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Thiamine (B1)- what is it? where is it found?
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-coenzyme in cellular respiration
-found in meat, yeast, whole grains, veggies |
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Riboflavin (B2)- what is it? where is it found?
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-enzyme in cellular respiration
-liver, eggs, dairy, veggies |
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what do all of the B vitamins do?
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support energy production by aiding metabolism
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Niacin(nicotinic acid or B3) what does it do?
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precurser to NAD and NADP, which function in energy metabolism in cells and DNA repair
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vitamin b12 (cobalamin)- what does it do? where is it found?
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-necessary for synthesis of red blood cells and maintainence of nervous system
-exclusively made by bacteria, found in meat, eggs, dairy, organic veggies |
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Vitamin C- what is it? what does it do? deficiency or problem with it? what tissue is most sensitive to it?
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-coenzyme in the synthesis of collagen
-maintains iron in reduced state, thus preserving activity of hundreds of enzymes -deficiency is called Scurvy -tussue that contail lg. amts of collagen such as blood vessels and bone |
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Vitamin D- what does it do? where is it synthesized? deficiency or problems?
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-absorption of calcium from the intestine and bone
-synthesized by skin -Rickets |
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Vitamin E (tocopherol)- function? found where?
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-antioxidant
-egg yolk, veggies, veggie oils |
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Iron- function? deficiency or problems? source?
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-used in many things, like hemoglobin and thyroid hormones involved in metabolism homeostasis
-deficiency shows up first as anemia, can be goiter too -iodized salt |
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Proteins- source?
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-our bodies make it from amino acids....we can construct 12, 8 must be eaten "essential amino acids" (veggies)
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what are colonial animals? ex)
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have cell specialization as precursors to organs ex) sponges, seastars
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what happens in chemical digestion? where does it occur cellularly?
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chief cells secrete pepsinogen, parietal cells secrete HCl
-happens in gastric pits mucous cells |
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duodenum- main job
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to complete chemical digestion
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cecum-job? how does appendix relate?
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helps digest cellulose (fiber)
-appendix is vestigal component, may digest fiber but not important |
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composition of blood- 2 different parts, and definition(s)
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55% plasma- noncellular matrix of blood
-45% blood cells |
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types of bloodcells (3)
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1)red (erythrocytes)- transport oxygen *no nucleus in mammals*
2) white (leukocytes)- immunological defenses 3) platelets- blood clotting |
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what do immunoglobins do?
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transport nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones
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artria under ___ pressure, ventricles under ___ pressure
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low; high
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fetal circulation
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reoxygenated blood: umbilical vein> ductus venosus> posterior vena cava> deox. and ox. blood mix and enter heart
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what is a "blue baby"
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syndrome that occurs when valve of the foramen ovale fails or only partially closes
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what is the surface area for gas exchange?
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capillaries
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systolic vs diastolic blood pressure
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systolic- peak pressure;
diastolic- lowest pressure |
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3 ways CO2 gets from tissue to lungs
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1) as bicarbonate ions HCO3-2)attatched to hemoglobin
3)dissolved in plasma |
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3 functions of circulatory system
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1) transportation 2) regulation 3) protection
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4 types of embryonic tissues
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endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
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circulation pathway
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deox. blood enters right atrium> right ventricle> lungs> pulmonary artery
then ox. blood goes to left atrium>left ventricle>aorta takes to rest of body |
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3 stages of fertilization
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penetration, activation, nuclei fusion
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what happens during clevage?
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zygote divides into hollow ball of many cells called Blastula... cleavage patterns influanced by yolk variation
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gastrulation- what happens to blastula? what forms?
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blastula invaginates, 3 cell layers form
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what will 3 embryonic cell layers become?
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ectoderm- epidermas, neural tissue
-mesoderm- connective, skeletal, muscle -endoderm- lining of tracts, liver, pancreas |
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protosomes vs. deuterosomes
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protosomes have spiral clevage, determinate development, blastospore becomes mouth
-deuterosomes have radial clevage, indeterminate development, blastospore becomes anus |
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where does digestion primarily occur what happens there?
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in the duodenum- first part of small intestine
-liver and pancreas secretions mix |