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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The functions of a cell's nucleus are...
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contains genetic information
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Where is the nucleus found?
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Inside both the animal and plant cell
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The functions of a microtuble are...
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1. piping system inside the cytoplasm
2. assist in cell division (chromosome mvmt.) 3.Support (part of a network of fibers that lie under the cytoplasm) 4. cell movement (sliding fibers under membrane enables cell mvmt.) |
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What structures contain microtubles?
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1.centrioles
2. cilia and flagells 3. spindle fibers |
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What are microtubules made up of?
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tubulin (protein)
2 subunits of tubulin |
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The functions of a centrioles are ....
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form spindle fibers to seperate chromosomes during cell division
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Where are centrioles found?
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Only in animal cells
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What is a cilia?
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a projecting organelle that exerts a force on surrounding medium
hair-like cells with oar-like mvmt. usually many rows of cilia coorinated movement can be hundreds on one cell |
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The function of a cilia/flagella is....
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1. to move the cell
2. to move an object 3. pull in food |
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Whare are cilia found?
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examples:
in the falllopian tube in lungs |
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What is a flagella?
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a organelle with whip like motion
they are usually longer in length than cilia |
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What are the functions of microfilaments?
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1. support/cell mvmt. -lie under cell membrane
2. muscle contraction 3. cell division- pinch off cell like a purse string 4. cytoplasmic streaming- organelles move around cytoplasm |
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What is cytoskeleton
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a network of protein fibers that is anchored to protein in the membrane
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What does cytoskeleton do.....
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1. are in dynamic movement
2. can appear and tretract quickly 3. anchors organelles 4. serves as a site for some enzymes to attach |
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What makes up cytoskeleton?
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1. microtubules
2. microfilaments 3. intermediate fibers |
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What is endoplasmic reticulum?
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a system of interconnecting sacs
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What is smooth e.r.
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e.r that is lacking ribosomes
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What is rough e.r.?
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e.r. with ribosomes that are the site of protein synthesis
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What are the functions of e.r.??
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1. enzymes embedded in the membrane make lipids (steriods, triglycerides)
2. transport of protein 3. grow polypeptide with signals |
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What is a basal body?
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where are microtubules are organized by region, same structure as centriole
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What does a ribosome do?
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Makes protein
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What is a Golgi body?
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packaging center for substances that the cell manufacturers for transport, Especially useful in protein distribution.
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Functions of a golgi body are....
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1. sotres and accumulates cellular products for secretion
2. forms ~glycoproteins (protein-carbohydrate) ~glycolipid (lipid-carbohydrate) #both are components of cell membrane 3. make lysosomes |
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What are lysosomes?
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A liquid filled organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes
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Examples of lysosome activity...
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1. digests coat of egg to allow sperm inside
2. causes rheumatoid arthritis by excessive amount of lysosomes 3. causes hurler's syndrome by an insufficient lysosome activity4 |
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What are microbodies?
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membrane bound with lipid inside
~ peroxisomes (animals) ~ glycoxisomes (plants) |
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What is a chloroplast?
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An organelle of photosynthesis
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What is a plastid?
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organelles derived from chloroplast
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what is a leucoplast?
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It is a modified chloroplast that stores starch
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What are chromoplasts?
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A modified chloroplast that gives cells color
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What does a mitochondria?
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It is long bean like sturcture that produces chemical energy for the cell
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What are the characterstics of life?
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1. movement
2. composed fo cells 3. reproduction 4. response to stimuli 5. growth 6. organization 7. respiration/fermentation 8. presence of DNA/RNA |
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What are the three possibilties for how life on earth began?
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1. special creation-a metaphysical/religious view that involves supernatural or divine forces
2. Extraterrestrial origin- life brought to eath from somewhere else in the universe, perhaps by a comet or meteorite or aliens 3. Spontaneous Origin- process of selection, small changes over many year led to evolution of inanimate matter becoming cells |
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Why is evolution still being discussed?
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because it can be tested but not proved for sure by the miller-urey experiment
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What is the Miller-Urey experiment and why is it significant?
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A gas such as CO2 CO and H2 passes through a primitive enviroment into an area where electrodes provide energy (space simulating lightning) then several weeks later the experiment got amino acids which perhaps could prove evolution is indeed the way life came around
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What is the major sequence of events in the early history of cells?
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1. Prokaryotes (cells without a nucleus)
# ancient bacteria (archeobacteria) 2.5 billion years ago # later simple photosynthetic bacteria 2 billion years ago increased oxygen level 21% 2. Eukaryotes appear (have a nucleus, more complex structures) #1.5 billion years ago 3. Multicellular eukaryotes (plants and animals) # 1 billion years ago |
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What the most important discovery in science?
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the microscope
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Who is LeeVanHook?
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From the Netherlands and worked wiht lenses and made a magnifying lense, he was the beginning of scientific advancements and the end of dark ages?
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Who is Robert Hook?
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Invented better microscope and used 2 lenses for more magnification
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What is a secretion vesicle?
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A vesicle that contentrated with protein and then vesicles fuse together making it very concentrated when it attaches to the outer cell membrane and dumps/secrets into the enviroment
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What is resolution?
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It is the extent to which detail can be discriminated
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What is magnification?
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IT is the increase in image size
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What is freeze fracture/freeze etching?
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It is a method of cell preparation that PRODUCES A 3D IMAGE OF THE INSIDE OF THE CELL
1. freeze cell (use liquid nitrogen to fast freeze) 2. fracture with a knife 3. shadow with a coat of carbon 4. keep coating, discard cell 5. obserce specimen by transmission electron miscroscopy |
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What is light microscopy?
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Resolution canbe up to 1500X however it is limitated to the length of light wavelengths and shorter wavelengths are not visible to your eyes.
IT PRODUCES COLORED IMAGE THAT ARE OF THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE CELL |
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What is transmission electron miscroscopy?
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A electron beam has a very narrow wavelength and can get 1 million resolution
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What is transmission electron microscopy?
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Electron beam has a very narrow wavelength and can get 1 million resolution.
Must just a thin dead specimen and can't see color |
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What is scanning electron miscroscopy?
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Is useful for surface struture of cells
1. prepare specimen by critical point drying (freeze-dried like coffee) 2. coat with thin layer of gold or other substances ALLOWS YOU TO SEE OUTER SURFACE OF SPECIMEN |
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What is diffusion?
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a mocvement of molecules from greater to lesser concentration where the molecules are in constant motion
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What is osmosis?
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The movement of molecules from greater to lesser concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.
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What is hypertonic?
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High solute shrinks beacuse water lost to enviroment
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What is hypotonic?
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Low solute expand because water is gained in the cell
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What is isotonic?
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No lose or gain
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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It is proteins assisting a molecule to move from greater to lesser concentration
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What is active transport?
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It is much like facilitated diffusion but instead movement is in the opposite direction. it is when molecules move from lesser to greater concentration and requires energy
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What is a symport?
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two different molecules or ions move across the membrane together in the same direction
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What is antiport?
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two different molecules or ions move across the membrane together in the opposite direction
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What are the types of cell signaling?
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1. direct cell to cell communication
$ molecules move through a gap junction $ molecules move through a plasmodesmata 2. Paracrine Signaling (not direct contact just close by) $ molecules secreted over short distance 3. synaptic signaling (involves the nervouse system strictly found in animals cells) $ electric signal slides down cell then causes cells to secrete molecules and forces target cell to react 4. Endocrine Signaling $ often movement along a long distance from point of secretion to target cell and the molecule secreted is a hormone |
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Three Versions of Modern Cell Theory are...
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1. all organisms composed of cells
2. cells are the basic unit of organization for living cells 3. cells arise from pre-existing cells (there is no spontaneous generation) |
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What is the history of the cell theory?
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1838 Schleiden (botanist)
1839 Schwann (zoologist) Both came up with the fact that plant and amical tissues are composed of cells but they discoered it alone |
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Why are cells small?
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Because of the surface to volume ratio cells need to communicate to the outside world by changing gases, obtaining nutrients, and riding waste
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How large are cells?
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They are typical 10-30 micrometers which is equal 1mm=1000 micrometers
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What is the largest cell?
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Acetabularia- 5 cm long
some nerve cells - several feet long |
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What is a cisternae?
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The internal guts of a golgi body that is made up of liquid
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What is a forming face?
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It is where the vesicle starts in a golgi body
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What is a maturing face?
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It is where the vesicle ends in a golgi body and is very electron dense
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What is autophagy?
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It is the process of self-cannaiblaism that occurs when the cell is in a period of stress and is performed by a lysosome
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What is a residual body?
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It is where the undigested remains after a lysosome has digested enzymes
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What are hydrolytic enzymes?
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Enzymes used to break apart substrate with water
Glycosidases- sugar-sugar substrate Lipases- glycerol-fatty acids substrate Proteases- amino acid-amino acid substrate Nucleases- nucleotide-nucleotide substrate |
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What are spindle fibers?
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S.F. are a thick, rope-like structure that is made up of microtubules that assist in cell division
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What is nucleoplasm?
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the liquid inside the nucleus
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What is cytoplasm?
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The liquid outside the nucleus
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What is protoplasm?
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All the liquid
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What is a nuclear envelope?
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it is a double membrane layer that surrounds the nucleus and contains nuclear pores and is made up of e.r.
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What are intermediate fibers?
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one of the fibers that make up the cyoskeleton that are in between microtubules and microfilaments in size
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How do cells move using their cytoplasm?
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By assembling and disassembling their actin to make microfilaments. the microfilaments then crosslink to make one end rigid and the rigid end pulls the fluid end towards it
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Where id mitochondria and chloroplast come from?
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probably were ancient bacteria that became symbiotic(which is the cell benefits from the organelle while the organelle benefits from the cell) with eukaryotic cells
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What is a phospholipid?
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It is composed of two fatty acids attached unto a lycerol molecule with a water soluble group attached to the phosoynl group that is attached to the glycerol.
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What is a lipid bilayer?
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it is composed of two phospholipids that act as a double layer membrane holding in the cytoplasm with an inner hyrophobic part and two outer hydrophilic parts
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What are transmembrane proteins?
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they fold between lipid bilayers
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What is cholestrol
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It is located inside lipid bilayers in animal membrane
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What are glycoproteins and glycolipids?
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Glycolipids are attached cell receptors on to the hydrophilic part of a lipid where as glycoprotiens are attached cell receptors on to a transmembrane protein
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What is the fluid mosiac model?
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It proved that cells are made up of liquid because of the dispersion of dyed or tagged molecules
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What is endocytosis?
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It is the formation of vesicles (requires ATP energy)
3 types $ pinocytosis- small vesicles $ phagocytosis- large vesicles $ receptor-mediated endocytosis- cell is selective on what is allowed into the cell |
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What is exocytosis?
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It is the going out or dropping of vesicles into the outside enviroment
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What is gap junction?
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Cell is
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