Biology Exam 2

Front 1

Phylogeny

Back 1

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Front 2

Systematics

Back 2

An analytical approach to understanding diversity and relationships of organisms

Front 3

Taxonomy

Back 3

The ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences

Front 4

Cladogram

Back 4

Diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics

Front 5

Orthologous genes

Back 5

found in a single copy in the genome

Front 6

Paralogous genes

Back 6

Result from gene duplications

Front 7

Transformation

Back 7

Uptake of genetic material between two bacteria

Front 8

Transduction

Back 8

Virus carry bacteria DNA from one host to another

Front 9

Obligate Aerobes

Back 9

Require oxygen

Front 10

Facultative anaerobes

Back 10

with or without oxygen

Front 11

Obligate Anaeribes

Back 11

poisoned by oxygen

Front 12

Domain Bacteria

Back 12

chlamydia, spirochetes, gram-positive bacteria, cyanobacteria

Front 13

Thermophiles

Back 13

Archaeans found in extremely hot environments

Front 14

Barophiles

Back 14

Archaeans found in high pressure environments

Front 15

Halophiles

Back 15

Archaeans found in extremely high saline environments

Front 16

Methanogens

Back 16

Archaeans found in anoxic environments

Front 17

Photoautotrophs

Back 17

Contain chloroplasts and photosynthesize

Front 18

Heterotrophs

Back 18

Absorb organic molecules or ingest large particles

Front 19

Mixotrophs

Back 19

Combine photosynthesis and heterotroph nutrition

Front 20

Dinoflagellates

Back 20

Alveolate; aquatic photoautotrophs and mixotrophs; 2 flagella to spin in the water; cellulose plates; bioluminescent; red tides

Front 21

Apicomplexans

Back 21

Alveolate; parasites of animals; apex has complex organelles to penetrate cell; derived from algal endosymbiont; treatment should target protein production by Apicoplast

Front 22

Ciliates

Back 22

Alveolate; named for use of cilia to move and feed; 2 nuclei (macro for everyday function and micro for conjugation); sex involves exchange of haploid micronuclei

Front 23

Bacillariophyta: Diatoms

Back 23

Stramenopile; unicellular algae; photoautotrophs; silica test major component of phytoplankton; diatomaceous earth

Front 24

Phaeophyta: Brown Algae

Back 24

Stramenopile; largest and most complex algae; all are multicellular; most marine seaweeds

Front 25

Foraminiferans

Back 25

porous, multi chambered tests made of calcium carbonate; pseudopodia extend through pores in the test; form tests in marine sediments form an extensive fossil record

Front 26

Radiolarians

Back 26

marine protists with silica tests; pseudopodia known as axopodia (used to capture phagocytose microorganisms)

Front 27

Red and Green Algae

Back 27

closest relatives of land plants (Archaeplastida)

Front 28

Rhodophyta (Red)

Back 28

color is due to accessory pigment called phycoerythm; usually multicellular

Front 29

Green Algae

Back 29

green chlorophyll (a and b pigments); two groups: chlorophyta and charophyta

Front 30

Unikonts

Back 30

include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals

Front 31

Amoebozans

Back 31

Lope shaped pseudopodia

Front 32

Plasmodial Slime Molds

Back 32

form a mass called plasmodium; coenocytic (multinucleate from repeated division of nuclei w/out cytoplasmic division); extends pseudopodia through decomposing matter, phagocytosis

Front 33

Cellular Slime Molds

Back 33

Form multicellular aggregates (cells separated by their membranes)

Front 34

Fungi

Back 34

heterotrophs that feed by absorption; secrete exoenzymes that break down complex molecules; absorb smaller organic molecules

Front 35

Mycelia

Back 35

hyphae grouped together

Front 36

Mycorrhizae

Back 36

mutualism between fungi and plant host; ecto (surrounds root cells); endo (extends hyphae through root cell wall)

Front 37

Plasmogamy

Back 37

cell fusion

Front 38

Karyogamy

Back 38

Nuclear fusion

Front 39

Deuteromycetes

Back 39

molds and yeasts with no known sex stage (imperfect fungi)

Front 40

Chytrids

Back 40

Saprobic or parasitic; flagellated spores (zoospores)

Front 41

Zygomycetes

Back 41

molds, parasites, commensal symbionts; sexually produced zygosporangia

Front 42

Glomeromycetes

Back 42

form endomycorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae; have relationship with 90 percent of plants

Front 43

Ascomycetes

Back 43

Sac fungi; defined by production of sexual spores in ascu in ascocarps

Front 44

Basidiomycetes

Back 44

Club fungi; mushrooms and shelf fungi; club like structure called basidium; usually long lived and dikaryotic

Front 45

Lichens

Back 45

between fungi and green algae or cyanobacteria; harsh environments; fruticose, foliose, crustose; asexual reproduction by release of soredia or fragmentation

Front 46

Charophytes

Back 46

green algae; direct ancestors of plants

Front 47

4 key traits in all land plants

Back 47

Alternation of generations and multicellular dependent embryos, apical meristems, walled spores produced in sporangia, multicellular gametangia

Front 48

Liverworts

Back 48

Hepatophyta

Front 49

Hornworts

Back 49

Anthocerophyta

Front 50

Mosses

Back 50

Bryophyta

Front 51

Bryophyte sporophytes

Back 51

grew out of archegonia; consist of foot, seta, and sporangium

Front 52

Ferns and other seedless vascular plants

Back 52

first to grow tall; sporophytes are the dominant phase of the life cycle

Front 53

Lycophyta

Back 53

Club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts

Front 54

Pterophyta

Back 54

ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns

Front 55

Xylem

Back 55

tissue type of vascular plants; conducts water and minerals

Front 56

Phloem

Back 56

distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products