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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Number of Spieces known and predicted is?
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1.4 million known species.
40 million species estimated to exist on earth. |
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What is the hummingbird's specific adaptation, predicion on bird flight adaptation of the wings, and what is unique about their flight?
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* Wings beat 25x per second
*Wings flap like twirling blades (Helicopter) *Symmetrical in wing cross section *Allow backward flight |
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What is the Kestrel's specific adaptation, predicion on bird flight adaptation of the wings, and what is unique about their flight?
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* Bird of prey
* Hovers in search of prey * Excellent Eyes * Uses wind to hover * Turn into the wind to dive |
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What is the Peregrine Falcon's specific adaptation, predicion on bird flight adaptation of the wings, and what is unique about their flight?
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* Fastest bird in air
* dives for prey * Accel. to 200 mph * Sweeps wings back to achieve max aerodynamics |
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What is the Barn Owl's specific adaptation, predicion on bird flight adaptation of the wings, and what is unique about their flight?
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* Slowest bird in air
* Wings give max lift at slow speeds * Hunt by acute hearing * Fly silently * Fly quick so they can hear the sound of their prey |
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What is the Osprey's specific adaptation, predicion on bird flight adaptation of the wings, and what is unique about their flight?
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* Falcon
* Posseses large wing surface for max lift * Fish for large prey * Maninpulate it's prey to achieve most aerodynamic position |
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How long ago did insects master flight before other organisms took air?
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* 100 million years before other life forms took air
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What variations of insect wings have adapted?
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* 2 pairs of wings (Dragonflies)
* Foldable wings * Bee wings are hitched together, smaller and faster * Beetle wings are protective covers * Fly wings have gyroscope |
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How does the scientific process differ from other life forms?
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*WEPA
* Wonderment (Observation) * Explanation (natural tendancy of the human mind) * Prediciton (Hallmark of Science) Testing the correctness of explaination * Application Technology |
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What is the inportance of predictive power in scientific theory?
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* the theory is determined to be scientific based on their power of prediction
* Non predictive theories are not considered scientific theories |
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How do human chromosomes determine sex?
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* 23rd pair of chromosomes determine sex.
* X chromosome is larger, the y is smaller. |
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Male? Female? Sex chromosome?
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* XX- Women
* XY- Men |
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Sex determination?
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SRY gene detects male/femalenes.
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When does it occur in human embryos?
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It occurs at early embryotic stages. The embryo has he genetic info to be male or female. (over 48 hour period)
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Natural path for human sex determination?
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The SRY gene triggers the Y chromosome set sthe development path for maleness.
* If no trigger then a female develops. |
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Normal developmental pattern for males and females?
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* Trigge in the Y chromosome sets path for males to develop testes and produce testosterone when the protein is present.
* When not present, the the female pattern follows and ovaries are developed. |
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Role of the Y chromosome in sex determination?
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The Y chromosome changes to be male if the maleness trigger is present, and a female if not triggered. (Turns to XX Female and XY male)
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What is the maleness trigger?
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* The SRY Gene
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What is the default body plan if an SRY Gene is not present?
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* Female
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What is AIS? Another name for AIS?
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* Anodren insensitive syndrome
* Also known as Testicular Femilinzation * SRY Gene is present and normal on the Y Chromosome * The body misses the gene that is necessary to respond to the effect of testosterone. * Never develops the male body plan |
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How can an individual have the genotype to be XY but have the phenotype to be a female?
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* Their gene is missing or nonfunctional in their Y Chromosome
* Without the SRY Gene switch protien, the reproductive precursor cells will proceed to develop into the female body form, ovaries. |
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How can a female XX have the male secondary sex characteristic?
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* The Y chromosonal material may override resulting in a XX male.
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Prokaryotes? Eukoryotes?
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* Prokaryotes-lack a membrane enclosed nucleous and organelles.
* Eukaryotic- contains a membrane enclosed nucleous and organelles. |
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Pnuemonia? (Include infammation with bacteria, WBC, and fluids)
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Infectious inflammation of the lungs, in witch fluid accumuates in the alveoli.
* Puss filled lungs prevent gas exchange * Bacteria invades the lungs and white blood cells attack them. |
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Respiratory tree and alveoli?
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Picture from what is the function of the lung??
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Upper and lower dementions of the Biological world?
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* Smallest independant life form is a mycoplasma at .5 um (free living cell) or 20 nm for a virus.
* The larges is a Sequoia Trees 100 meters |
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What is the human visual resolution?
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* The ability to distinguish two nearby objects is about .1 millimeter
* Most familiar with 3 feet |
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All matters are composed of??
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*Atoms
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What are atoms composed of?
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* Subatomic particles, electrons, protons, and neutrons
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Human knowledge ranges from?
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* 10 exponent 25 meter to 10 exponent negative 16 meters covering a range of 10 to the 43rd meters.
* (1 light year is 10 to the 16th meter) |
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Big Bang Theory?
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* The dominate scientific theory about the orgin of the universe.
* The universe was born 13.7 billion years ago. * It suggests that the universe started as a tiny clump of matter smaller than a pearl. * Inflation triggered a hyper fast expansion enlarging the universe trillion trillion trillion fold. * Hurled matter in all directions. * THis is suggested b/c it explains why distant galaxies are traveling away from us at great speeds. |
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When did the universe cool after the Big Bang? What did it result in?
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* 370,000 years after, resulting in the formation of stable atoms.
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Early universe contained on _____ (and some helium) the simplest element.
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* Hydrogen
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What happened with Hydrogen?
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* Clouds of hydrogen begins to condense, pulled by their own gravity.
* The condensing hydrogen formed early stars, 100x bigger than the sun. |
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The massive stars are short lives. How short lived?
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* 2-3 million years
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How did these huge stars die?
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* A huge explosion known as a Hyper Nova.
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The sun is composed of ___ % Hydrogen and ___ % Helium?
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* 70% Hydrogen and 30% Helium.
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what happens in the core of the stars?
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* Hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium withthe release of an enormous amount of energy.
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What happens as stars start to exhaust their hydrogen?
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* They start to fuse helium to form other elements.
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How many heliums fuse to form one carbon?
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* Three
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What are the five characterisicts of life?
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* Life reproduces, metabolizes, captures energy, evolves, and adapts.
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What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? (miracle of human beings, # of cells, babies born each day, organs, and tissues)
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* From single cells to 100 trillion cells
* Hundreds of diff tissues * Dozens of oragans * 9 months * Over 360,00 births a day |
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Asexual Reproduction?
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* Duplication of DNA
* Bacteria * replication of DNA as a 4 billion yr old process * Simple * Form clones * Vairaions only from mutation |
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Sexul reproduction?
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* Advantage, unique combination
* 99.9% of life uses sexual reproduction * Mixing DNA from 2 individuals * Every offspring has a unique combo. of DNA * Advantage of survival amidst changes |
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Difference between meiosis and mitosis?
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* Mitosis- Somatic Cells, one cycle of cell division, 2 diploid daughter cells
* Meiosis- Gametes, 2 cycles of cell divison, 4 haploid gametes |
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Define Haploid?
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* The state of having one copy of each chromosome per nucleus or cell. A cell having one chromosome set, or an organism composed of such cells.
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Define Diploid.
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* The state of having each chromosome in two copies per nucleus or cell. A cell having two chromosome sets, or an individual having two chromosome sets in each of its cells. This can be seen by the presence of 2 of each type of chromosome in a cell nucleus at interphase.
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Define Autosome.
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* Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
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Define somatic cell.
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* Mitosis (occurs in)
* A cell that is not destined to become a gamete; a cell whose genes cannot be passed on to future generations. |
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How many chromosomes are included in haploid and diploid cells?
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46 diploid, 23 haploid
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Gametes have what occurs meosis or mitosis?
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* Meiosis
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What is recombination?
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* Exchanging genes between chromosonal pairs genreating unique combination of genes.
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How many chromosomes are in a normal diploid somatic cell? If you had an extra chromosome in each cell, the the count would be 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46.
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If you had an extra chromosome in each cell, the the count would be 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46.
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How many chromosomes did you receive from your father? Your mother?
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* 23 from each for a total of 46.
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How many sperm are ther per ejaculate?
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* 200-300 million
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What is the defective rate of sperm per ejaculate?
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* 60%
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Where is new sperm constantly made?
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* Seminiferous Tublues
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Where does sperm enter the fallopian tube?
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* Through the cervix
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What allows the sperm to enter the egg's zona? Where does this occur in the female reproductive system?
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* Protiens
* Fallopian Tube |
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When does the female acquire all the eggs she will have for a lifetime?
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* At birth
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There are a few million eggs at birth, and they are reduced by puberty. How many are in each ovary at this time?
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* 200,000 per ovary
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When is the egg release and how long is it viable?
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* It is released during ovulation and vaible for approximatley 12-24 hours.
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What protects and nurtures the eggs?
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* Support cells
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How long does it take a fertilized egg to start dividing?
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* About 24 hours
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What time does the egg implant into the uterus?
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* About the 5th day
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What is the process of blastogenesis?
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* Zygote to a morula to a blastocyst
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How long after does it take for the three germ layers to be produced?
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* Two weeks after conception
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Endoderm?
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* Inner
* Lung, liver, gut lining |
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Mesoderm?
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* Middle
* Heart, muscle, bone, and blood |
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Ectoderm?
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* Outer
* Nervous system, spinal cord, skin, and hair |
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How many elements occur naturally on Earth?
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* over 90
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How do the natural Earth elements differ from one another?
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* By the # if of protons
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What percent of living matter are composed of oxygen, hydrogen, and Carbon?
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* Greater than 93%
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Plants contain significatnly less _____ and _____ than animals.
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* Nitrogen
* Calcium |
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Why is carbon the chemical fondation of life?
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* Carbon bonds well, is abundant, and is the base of all likekly forms of ilfe on Earth.
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What is the source of carbon?
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* Carbon is made in the stars
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How many chemical bonds can a carbon atom form?
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* Can form bonds with 1,2,3, or 4 other atoms
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Which of the following biological molecules contain nitrogen? Nucleic Acids, Protiens, lipids, or Carbohydrates?
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* Nucleic Acids
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Where has life been found?
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* Earth, but signs of water on Mars and Jupiter's moon Europa
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What are the three central conditions of life?
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* Elements (Water, energy, nutrients, salt consentration)
* Pressure * Temperature |
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What makes water such a good solvent?
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* Water can dissolve many other chemicals because of it's uneven charge distribution.
* Ionization (All charged molecules can dissolve in water through this) |
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What is ionization?
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* A process by which a neutral atom or molecule loses or gains electrons, thereby acquiring a net charge and becoming an ion
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How does water cause ionization?
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* It causes reactions in the body.
* It causes a neutral atom to gain or losed an electron so that it can become an ion because H2O has an uneven charge. |
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What are the signs of water on Mars?
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* Ancient Ocean floor in Northern hemisphere
* Image of ancient river beds& lakes that were onced filled up with water. |
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What did NASA say twin orvers discoverd in the Martian rock?
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* Discovered sedimentary layers laid down with water
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Where is Europa?
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* A large moon off of Jupiter
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What is on the surface of Europa?
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* Thin ice crust
* Cracks that could be an ocean 3x the size of ours |
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What causes the ice to melt underneath the surfaceof Europa?
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* Sources of heat enregy from internal friction caused by the gravity of Jupiter andit's other moons.
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What is chemical energy? What is the ultimate source of energy for living organisms?
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* Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of chemical compounds
* Sunlight |
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How does energy release from chemical compounds?
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* By breaking these bonds.
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What are the three components of the plasma membrane?
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* Lipid Bilayer- cellular communication
* Membrane Protiens * Selectivev permeability |
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Prokaryote?
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* Cell wall
* Cell membrane * No nucleus * No organelles |
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Eukaryote?
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* Animal – no cell wall
* Plant – cell wall * Nucleus * Organelles |
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What is the basic function of the Nucleous oraganelle?
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* DNA
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What is the basic function of the Mitochondria oraganelle?
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* Energy metabolisim
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What is the basic function of the Lysosome organelle?
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* Digestive
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What is the basic funstion of the Chloroplast organelle?
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* Photosynthesis
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What is the basic function of the Endoplasmic recticulm
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* Protein synthesis
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What is Endosymbiosis signifacance with prokaryotes?
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* Prokaryotes gave rise to the first Eukryotic cells in the process known as endosymbiosis.
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What is the significance of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek?
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* invention of a hand held microscope
that sees 300x magnification. The first person to observe and describe microscopic organisms and living cells. |
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How can living cells be observed? What did they allow?
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* light microscopy to scanning electron microscopy
* This allowed a wide variety of specimens with physical and medical sciences. |
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Characteristics of Protista,single cell organisms, eukaryotes, ameoba, paramecium, plasmodium, algae, and seaweed?
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* Single-cell organisms
* All eukaryotes * Animal-like: amoeba, paramecium, plasmodium (causing malaria) * Plant-like (photosynthesis): algae, seaweeds *Colonial formation – giant kelp * Motiliy – flagella and cilia * Sexual and asexual reproduction |
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What is a colonial oraganism?
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*Collection of genetically identical cells that live together in a close group
* Most cells carry out specific functions * Straddle the border between unicellular and true multicellular organisms * they lack tissues and organs, but have cell specialization |
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What is the significance of the discovery of insulin? What else is important in the discovery?
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* Discovered in 1921
* Without it diabetics would die exremely fast * Fredrick Banting and Charles Best isolated insulin from a cow pancreas. |
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Define Diabetes?
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*A disease in which insulin is not produced enough in the body, islet cells are distroyed, and it is an autoimmune disease.
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What is the cause, consequences, clinical symptoms, and treatment of IDDM?
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* Type one or Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus
* Occurs in younger people |
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What is the cause, consequences, clinical symptoms, and treatment of NIDDM
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* Noninsulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus
* Occurs in adults (4 F's) Family, food, fat, and forty)* 90% to 95% of diabetics are this type. *Insulin tolerance * Insufficient insulin production * Problems with insulin receptors * Use insulin * Bone marrow transplants |
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What is the cause, consequences, clinical symptoms, and treatment of Gestational Diabetes?
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* High sugar level affects fetal development
* Premature birth * Diabetic coma and death for pregnant women * Insulin treatment * Bone marrow transplants |
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Consequences of diabetes mellitus?
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* Death
* Diabetic Coma * No cure |
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Consequences of ketacidosis?
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* Keytone production is lowering of blood pH to an acidic pH.
* If this persists, a diabetic coma can occur. |
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Consequences of a diabetic coma?
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* This can cause death.
* insulin levels are too low which produces Ketones |
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Where is insulin produced? (cells)
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* This is produced by the Beta Cells of the Islet of Langerhans within the Pancreas
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Future cures for diabetes?
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* There is no cure
* Hopefully the use of stem cell research will produce a treatment or cure |
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Define glucose.
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* Glucose is a simple sugar, an energy source, and a building block for complex carbohydrates.
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Define glycogen.
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* This is the stored version of glucose.
* In Animal cells * In plant cells this is starch |
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The role of insulin and glucagon?
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* Glucagon is produced in the pancreas with insulin.
* This is used in between meals or exercise in order to keep glucose levels high enough. * Insulin is used when glucose levels are high in order to break down some of the sugars. |
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Define Hyperglycemic.
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* This is when blood glucose level is too high.
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Define hypoglycemic.
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* This is when blood glucose level is too low.
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