Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
When was Darwin's The Origin of Species published?
|
1859
|
|
|
Who wrote the Essay on the Principle of Populations?
|
Thomas Malthus
|
|
|
What does the Essay on the Principle of Populations discuss?
|
Any species can overrun the earth if given the opportunity; this rarely happens because of mortality rates and natural and artificial selection.
|
|
|
What makes the "tree of life" branch off into separate sub-species?
|
Natural and artificial selection
|
|
|
How did Wallace contribute to the efforts and information Darwin was already working on?
|
Wallace collected live animals for the London zoo and found a ton of new specimens. Everything he had was lost at sea, but he still had questions about how the new species had formed. He headed to the Malay Archipelago in April 1854. He collected many specimens there and began writing and publishing his ideas, some of which were similar to Darwin's. He said that species were connected like a "branching tree." He challenged special creation, and developed the Sarawak Law. He also challenged Darwin about his Galapagos/South America data.
|
|
|
Who developed the Sarawak Law and what did it state?
|
Wallace; "the present geographical distribution of life upon the earth must be the result of all the previous changes, both of the surface of the earth itself and of its inhabitants." (This went into dangerous territory because at the time, people believed everything was how it had ALWAYS been.)
|
|
|
More about Wallace.
|
He stopped questioning that species evolved, and began asking HOW? He was influenced by Malthus' essay on population growth. Disease/famine/accidents check population growth and life is a struggle for existence. (Weakest are weeded out.) --> Survival of the fittest! Wallace sent these thoughts to Darwin in 1858.
|
|
|
What were Darwin's and Wallace's terms for their theories of evolution?
|
Darwin: natural selection
Wallace: survival of the fittest Their ideas were presented simultaneously at the Linnaean Society meeting. |
|
|
What is sexual selection?
|
Success in attracting a mate and producing offspring. (Having the right song as a bird or having beautiful plumage as a peacock.)
|
|
|
What big contribution did Henry Walter Bates make to the evolution research?
|
He studied mimicry--creatures that mimic others to aid in their survival.
Bates also did research in the Amazon and was originally partners with Wallace. He collected 14,712 species. A butterfly, Callithea bateii is named after him. |
|
|
What is mimicry?
|
Mimicry is when one species deceptively resembles another species.
|
|
|
What is Batesian mimicry?
|
Batesian mimicry is when the model species is distasteful or harmful, but the mimic species is tasty or safe. Predators avoid both species.
Example: viceroy butterflies (safe) and monarch butterflies (poisonous) |
|
|
What is Mullerian mimicry?
|
Mullerian mimicry is when you have 2+ species that resemble one another that are all distasteful or harmful to a predator. It reinforces avoidance with reduced loss to each prey species.
|
|
|
How does science work? (3 steps)
|
1. Ask a question, make an observation, formulate a falsifiable/testable hypothesis
2. Gather data (experiments/more observations) 3. Accept or reject hypothesis |
|
|
What's the most important aspect of the scientific method?
|
Testing
|
|
|
How does the scientific method work in regards to hypotheses and theories?
|
You BEGIN with a hypothesis and THEN reach a theory after intense research.
|
|
|
What are 4 attributes of a scientific theory?
|
1. Guides scientific inquiry
2. Organizes observations and data 3. Provides explanations of phenomena 4. Helps predict events/provides direction for future |
|
|
What are the two methods of scientific theory, and which method is preferred?
|
Inductive and deductive reasoning; inductive is preferred.
|
|
|
What is the inductive method?
|
A method of scientific theory in which you ask a question, find evidence, then get an answer. This is the preferred method because it has fewer flaws.
|
|
|
What is the deductive method?
|
A method of scientific theory that is less used because it is flawed. It BEGINS with evidence, like you see on crime shows. (There might be flaws in the evidence.)
|
|
|
How does the process of discovering a theory benefit the average Joe?
|
1. Basic research develops general laws (provides knowledge for its own sake)
2. Applied research discovers problems and solutions and puts them together (often involving technology) 3. Development/marketability: will this sell and make money or help the average Joe? |
|
|
What are the 8 characteristics an organism must have to be considered "living?"
|
1. Cellular organization
2. Metabolism 3. Homeostasis 4. Growth and biosynthesis 5. Genetic material 6. Ability to reproduce 7. Selective response 8. Population structure |
|
|
List the hierarchical structure of classifying life.
|
1. Kingdom
2. Phylum 3. Class 4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus 7. Species |
|
|
List characteristics of ARCHAE.
|
Prokaryotic, single-celled, no sex (binary fission), live in extreme environments (oxygen-free), no organelles with internal membranes, (ex: methanobacteria)
|
|
|
List characteristics of EUBACTERIA.
|
Prokaryotic, single-celled, no sexy (binary fission), great biochemical diversity, no organelles with internal membranes, motile/non-motile, decomposers, disease, food industry (ex: cyanobacteria, chloroxybacteria)
|
|
|
List characteristics of PROTISTA.
|
Eukaryotic, single-celled, sexual reproduction, motile/non-motile, predators, parasites, scavengers, moist environments, (ex: sporozoa, euglenophyta)
|
|
|
List characteristics of MYCOTA.
|
(mushroom!), eukaryotic, cell walls-chitin, sexual and asexual reproduction, mitochondria, NO chloroplasts, typically saprophytes, some parasitic (athlete's foot, ringworm), used as food, some produce potent toxins
|
|
|
List characteristics of PLANTAE.
|
Eukaryotic, sexual and asexual reproduction, mitochondria, chloroplasts (photosynthesis), cell walls-cellulose, many have organs (leaves, roots), dinoflagellates-red tides (shut down nervous system)
|
|
|
List characteristics of ANIMALIA.
|
ALL are motile (move at some point in their life), eukaryotic, multicellular, sexual reproduction, mitochondria, NO chloroplasts, embryonic stage-blastula, cnidaria-radial symmetry, majority-bilateral symmetry (mirror image when cut in half)
|
|
|
4 Features that unify ALL kingdoms and suggest common descent?
|
1. DNA
2. Plasma membrane 3. Cytoplasm 4. Ribosomes |
|
|
What is a species?
|
A reproductively isolated group of interbreeding natural populations.
|
|
|
Are viruses living entities?
|
Yes and no. Cellular organization? No. Metabolism? No. Homeostasis? No. Growth/biosynthesis? Yes. Genetic material? Yes. Ability to reproduce? -- Selective response? -- Population structure? Yes.
|
|
|
Draw the central dogma of molecular biology.
|
Okay.
|
|
|
What are alleles?
|
Different forms of genes.
|
|
|
What is co-dominance in genes?
|
When 2 allele genes are close to 50/50 so they are both present in the offspring.
|
|
|
What is a homozygous pair?
|
The same. VV or vv
|
|
|
What is a heterozygous pair?
|
Different. Vv
|
|
|
Who helped discover genetics facts by using pea plants?
|
Gregory Mendel
|
|
|
What is a karyotype?
|
The number of chromosomes a species has. (humans karyotype = 46)
|
|
|
What is mitosis?
|
Regular cell division--replaces skin cells, etc. Occurs as we grow/lose cells and replace them.
|
|
|
What is meiosis?
|
The process that results in eggs and sperm/the halving of chromosomes (from 46 to 23).
|
|
|
What is diploidy?
|
Having two sets of chromosomes.
|
|
|
What is haploidy?
|
Having only ONE set of chromosomes.
|
|
|
What is genotype?
|
It's what's in the DNA.
|
|
|
What is phenotype?
|
The physical outcome or appearance of the DNA. Phenotype is also affected by the environment.
Genotype+environment=phenotype |
|
|
How is RNA read?
|
By threes! 3 nucleotides = one codon.
|
|
|
What are mutations?
|
Changes in DNA that can be passed to the next generation (may be good, bad, or indifferent.)
|
|
|
What causes mutations?
|
Free radicals, highly reactive forms of some elements, various chemicals, UV radiation, random chance.
|
|
|
What are the three types of mutations?
|
Point mutations, frameshift mutations, chromosomal abberrations.
|
|
|
What is a point mutation?
|
Basically a spelling mistake in DNA (a "T" gets changed to a "C".)
|
|
|
What is a frameshift mutation?
|
Things get added or deleted; can be a few or a thousand nucleotides. (More serious)
|
|
|
What is a chromosomal aberration?
|
Things like Down's Syndrome.
|
|
|
What are autosomes?
|
Chromosomes not associated with gender determination. (Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes.)
|
