Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
256 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The rate of an uncatalyzed reaction is _____ proportional to the concentration of the _____.
|
directly
substrate |
|
|
When all the enzyme molecules are bound to substrate molecules, the enzyme is working at its maximum rate. Under these condtions the active sites are said to be ______.
|
saturated
|
|
|
______ are inorganic ions such as copper, zinc, and iron that bind to certain enzymes.
|
Cofactors
|
|
|
A ____ is a carbon containing molecule that is required for the actions of one or more enzymes.
|
coenzyme
|
|
|
_____ groups are distinctive, non-amino acid atoms or molecular groupings that are permanently bound to their enzymes.
|
prosthetic groups
|
|
|
The maintenance of stable internal conditions.
|
Homeostasis
|
|
|
Various ____ can bind to enzymes, slowing down the rates of the reactions they catalyze.
|
chemical inhibitors
|
|
|
In some cases, an inhibitor is similar enough to a particular enzyme's natural substrate that is can bind noncovalently to the active site, yet different enough that no chemical reaction occurs. When such a molecule is bound to the enzyme, the natural substrate cannot enter the active site and the enzyme is unable to function. Such a molecule is called a _______ bc is competes with the natural substrate for the active site.
|
competitive inhibitor
|
|
|
A ______ binds to an enzyme at a site distinct from the active site. This binding causes a change in the shape of the enzyme that alters its activity.
|
noncompetitive inhibitor
|
|
|
______ occurs when a non-substrate molecule binds or modifies a site other than the active site of an enzyme, inducing the enzyme to change its shape. The change in shape alters the chemical attraction of the active site for the substrate, and so the rate of the reaction is changed.
|
Allosteric regulation.
|
|
|
Genetic systems control the ____, _____, _____, and ___ of information
|
flow, exchange, storage, and use.
|
|
|
_____ explains both the unity and diversity of life.
|
Evolution
|
|
|
____ is based on quantifiable observations and experiments.
|
Science
|
|
|
_____ are composed of a common set of chemical components and similar structures.
|
Living Organisms
|
|
|
Living Organisms contain ___ information that uses a nearly universal code.
|
genetic
|
|
|
Living organisms ___ energy from their ____ and use it to do biological work.
|
extract, environment
|
|
|
Living organisms ____ molecules obtained from their ____ into new biological molecules.
|
convert, environment
|
|
|
Living organisms ___ their genetic information in the same manner when reproducing and share sequence similarities among a fundamental set of ____.
|
Replicate, genes
|
|
|
Introduction of ____ by photosynthetic ____ changed the Earth.
|
oxygen, prokaryotes
|
|
|
3 domains of life:
|
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
|
|
|
_____ experiments manipulate the _____ that is predicted to cause differences between groups.
|
Controlled, variable
|
|
|
_____ variable, the variable being manipulated.
____ variable, the response that is meansured |
Independent
Dependent |
|
|
____ is a pure substance that contains only one kind of atom.
|
Element
|
|
|
____----atoms with at least 2 electron shells, form stable molecules so they have eight electrons in their outermost shells.
|
Octet rule
|
|
|
Living organisms are mostly composed of 6 elements:
|
carbon
nitrogen oxygen phosphorous sulfur hydrogen |
|
|
_____ energy: the energy of state or position, or stored energy.
Examples: chemical bonds, concentration gradients, electrical charge imbalance. |
Potential
|
|
|
____ energy, the energy of movement( the type of energy that does work) that makes things change.
examples: membrane transport, chemical reactions, mechanical motion |
Kinetic
|
|
|
_____: the level of usable energy decreases with each energy transformation.
|
Entropy
|
|
|
____: the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a biological system at a given time.
|
Metabolism
|
|
|
______ reactions join simple molecules to form complex ones.
They require energy ____. Energy is captured in the chemical bonds that form. |
Anabolic
inputs |
|
|
_____ reactions break down complex molecules into simpler ones. Energy ____ in the chemical bonds is ____.
|
Catabolic
stored released |
|
|
Anabolic reactions ____ energy.
|
require
|
|
|
Catabolic reactions ____ energy.
|
release
|
|
|
_____ reactions ( negative G) release free energy.
|
Exergonic
|
|
|
_____ reactions (positive G) uses the free energy to form new chemical bonds.
|
Endergonic
|
|
|
Chemical bonds are a method of _____ and ______.
|
energy transfer
storage. |
|
|
Chemical bonds result in the precise arrangement of ____.
|
matter
|
|
|
Chemical bonds are influenced by ______ of member atoms.
|
electronegativity
|
|
|
_____ forms as a result of an attraction between a hydrogen atom that is covalently bound to an electronegative atom, and another strongly electronegative atom.
|
Hydrogen bond
|
|
|
_____ is the attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on electrons.
|
Electronegativity
|
|
|
If the valence shell is almost full then the electronegativity is ____.
|
great
|
|
|
______ an attractive force between a H atom that is bonded to either O,N, or F and another electronegative atom, such as O,N, or F.
|
Hydrogen bond
|
|
|
Non-polar covalent.
Difference <__ |
.5
|
|
|
Polar covalent difference:
|
.5< Difference< 1.8
|
|
|
Ionic difference:
|
Difference> 1.8
|
|
|
____ and ___ compounds will interact with water.
|
Polar, Ionic
|
|
|
Unequally shared electrons:
|
polar
|
|
|
Equally shared electrons:
|
non-polar
|
|
|
___ molecules are attracted to water.
|
Polar
|
|
|
_____ molecules are more attracted to one another than to water.
|
Nonpolar
|
|
|
If the valence shell is almost full then the electronegativity is ____.
|
great
|
|
|
______ an attractive force between a H atom that is bonded to either O,N, or F and another electronegative atom, such as O,N, or F.
|
Hydrogen bond
|
|
|
Non-polar covalent.
Difference <__ |
.5
|
|
|
Polar covalent difference:
|
.5< Difference< 1.8
|
|
|
Ionic difference:
|
Difference> 1.8
|
|
|
____ and ___ compounds will interact with water.
|
Polar, Ionic
|
|
|
Unequally shared electrons:
|
polar
|
|
|
Equally shared electrons:
|
non-polar
|
|
|
___ molecules are attracted to water.
|
Polar
|
|
|
_____ molecules are more attracted to one another than to water.
|
Nonpolar
|
|
|
Ionic compounds dissolve in ___.
|
water
|
|
|
Covalent bonds are precise and uniform: _____-length, angle, and direction of bonds between any 2 elements are always the same.
Example: Methane always forms a tetrahedron |
Orientation
|
|
|
Covalent bonds have structural and energy storage function: ______-covalent bonds are very strong; it takes a lot of energy to make them break and to make them.
|
Strength and stability
|
|
|
_____ small groups of atoms with specific chemical properties. They confer these properties to larger molecules. One biological molecule may contain many of these.
|
Functional groups
|
|
|
_____ are generally formed by the condensation reaction between monomers and are broken down by hydrolysis.
|
Macromolecules
|
|
|
____ function as structural, energy storage, and cell to cell communication molecules.
|
Carbohydrates
|
|
|
___ are a very diverse class of molecules that have a diverse suite of functions, including energy storage, plasma membrane structure and cell to cell communication
|
Lipids
|
|
|
_____ are ____ made by covalent bonding of smaller molecules called ______.
|
Macromolecules
polymers monomers |
|
|
_____ : the removal of water links monomers together.
|
Condensation
|
|
|
____addition of water breaks a polymer into monomers.
|
Hydrolysis
|
|
|
Energy storage in CHOs:
monosaccharides: ____ and ____ |
glucose
fructose |
|
|
Energy storage in CHOs:
disaccharides: ____ and ____ |
sucrose
maltose |
|
|
Energy storage in CHOs:
polysaccharides: ____ and ____ |
starch
glycogen |
|
|
Structural molecules in CHOs: polysaccharides: ____ and ____
|
cellulose
chitin |
|
|
Basic structure of CHOs a result of 3 factors:
|
1) number of carbon atoms
2) location of the functional groups attached to each carbon. 3) orientation of functional groups around the carbons |
|
|
_____ are simple sugar molecules with up to 7 carbon atoms.
|
Monosaccharides
|
|
|
_____ 5-carbon sugars.
|
Pentoses
|
|
|
_____ form as a result of a glycosidic linkage between 2 monosaccharides.
|
Disaccharides
|
|
|
______ form as a result of glycosidic linkages of glucose.
|
Polysaccharides
|
|
|
Hydrogen bonds between cellulose molecules confer remarkable _______.
|
structural stability
|
|
|
Lipids:
____ store a lot of energy in C-H bonds |
Triglycerides: fats and oils
|
|
|
Lipids:
structural role in cell membranes:____ and _____. |
Phospholipids and cholesterol
|
|
|
____ bonds hold more energy than do ___ bonds.
|
C-H, C-O
|
|
|
Basic structure of Triglycerides:
|
3 fatty acids
one glycerol |
|
|
____ differ in their length and number of C=C double bonds or saturation.
|
Fatty acids
|
|
|
Fatty acid Tails are variable in shape as well as a result of degree of _____.
|
saturation
|
|
|
Saturated fats are ____.
|
BAD
|
|
|
Unsaturated fats are ____.
|
GOOD
|
|
|
Hydrogenated Fats are ___.
|
BAD
|
|
|
Trans fats are ____.
|
REALLY BAD
|
|
|
Phospholipids consist of :
|
2 fatty acids and a phosphate compound bound to a glycerol
|
|
|
Phospholipids are ____; they have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic tail.
|
amphipathic
|
|
|
In aqueous environments, phospholipids form a _____.
|
bilayer
|
|
|
____ are polymers specialized for storage, transmission, and use of genetic information.
|
Nucleic acids
|
|
|
DNA is a sequence of paired _____.
|
nucleotides.
|
|
|
DNA has 2 functions:
|
DNA replication and RNA synthesis
|
|
|
RNA is a sequence of _____
|
nucleotides
|
|
|
Nucleotides are composed of 3 components:
|
1) a nitrogen-containing base(either a pyrimidine or a purine)
2) a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) 3) a phosphate group |
|
|
Nucleosides contain:
|
Pentose sugar and a Nitrogen containing base, but no phosphate group
|
|
|
Nucleotides bond in condensation reactions to form ______ linkages.
|
phosphodiester
|
|
|
There is no ____ in RNA
|
Thymine
|
|
|
In DNA, the bases are attached to a deoxyribose ____.
|
sugar
|
|
|
DNA is ____ stranded and a bidirectional molecule.
|
double stranded
|
|
|
_____ have about 20 nucleotides.
|
Oligonucleotides
|
|
|
RNA is ____ stranded.
|
single
|
|
|
RNA sequence dictated by some region in the ___
|
DNA
|
|
|
3 dimensional structure as a result of hydrogen bonds between RNA ______.
|
Nucleotides
|
|
|
____ are polymers of amino acids whose sequence is directed by coding DNA.
|
Proteins
|
|
|
The ____ structure of a protein determines the higher order structure and function of the protein.
|
primary
|
|
|
Protein structure and function are sensitive to _____, _____, and_____.
|
temperature, changes in pH, and concetrations of polar and nonpolar substances
|
|
|
DNA nucleotide sequences code for the sequences of amino acids that make up _____.
|
proteins
|
|
|
___ percent of genes do NOT code for metabolism
|
75%
|
|
|
____ make up proteins.
|
Amino acids
|
|
|
____ make up DNA and RNA.
|
Nucleotides
|
|
|
_____ formed by hydrogen bonds between carboxyl and amino groups.
|
Secondary structure
|
|
|
____ formed by interactions between side chains of amino acids.
|
Tertiary structure.
|
|
|
____ structure: multiple subunits make a functional protein.
|
Quaternary structure
|
|
|
Covalent peptide bonds between amino acids are relatively ____ in physiological systems, but can be easily broken down by a protein.
|
stable
|
|
|
Protein tertiary structure is maintained by weak molecular interactions that can be denatured by:
|
temperature
Changes in pH or high H+ high concentrations of polar/nonpolar substances |
|
|
___ are proteins that catalyze specific biochemical reactions.
|
Enzymes
|
|
|
Enzyme structure is directly related to its ____.
|
function
|
|
|
Enzyme reaction rate is dependent on the ____ of enzyme and substrate.
|
concentration
|
|
|
Enzyme function can be regulated by _____ and ____ changes.
|
Inhibitors and allosteric changes
|
|
|
____ remains unchanged as a result of reaction.
|
Enzyme
|
|
|
_____ are inorganic ions that bind to enzymes and intiate transition state molecule
|
Cofactors
|
|
|
____ adds or removes chemical groups from enzymes.
|
Coenzymes
|
|
|
____ groups: covalently bound non-amino acid components of enzymes.
|
Prosthetic
|
|
|
A _____ competes with natural substrate for active sites.
|
competitive inhibitor
|
|
|
A _____ binds at a site distinct from the active site.
|
noncompetitive inhibitor
|
|
|
____ regulation deactivates or activates enzymes.
|
Allosteric
|
|
|
____ enzyme covalently binds phosphate to ser, thr, and tyr
|
Kinase
|
|
|
_____ enzyme removes phosphate group.
|
Phosphatase
|
|
|
The critical step in the evolution of life was the appearance of ______-molecules that could reproduce themselves and also serve as templates for the synthesis of large molecules with complex but stable shapes.
|
Nucleic acids
|
|
|
The next step in the origin of life was the enclosure of complex proteins and other biological molecules by ____ that contained them in a compact internal environment separate from the surrounding external environment.
|
membranes
|
|
|
The first unicellular organisms were ______.
|
prokaryotes
|
|
|
_____ metabolism is more efficient than ______ metabolism, and it allowed organisms to grow larger.
|
Aerobic
Anaerobic |
|
|
______ are cells with membrane-enclosed compartments within which specialized cellular functions could be performed away from the rest of the cell.
|
Organelles
|
|
|
The _____ cell is completely distinct from the cells of prokaryotes, which lack nuclei and other internal compartments.
|
eukaryotic
|
|
|
Why is the maximum reaction rate lowered in the presence of a non-competitive inhibitor?
|
The non-competitive inhibitor binds at the enzyme (at a site distinct from the active site) and causes a change in the structure of the active site. The reduces the overall number of active sites and results in a lowered reaction rate.
|
|
|
Organisms in the domains _____ and _____ are single celled prokaryotes.
|
Archaea
Bacteria |
|
|
The sum total of all the information encoded by an organism's genes
|
genome
|
|
|
Nucleic acid molecules contain long sequences of four subunits called ______.
|
nucleotides
|
|
|
The sequence of nucleotides in DNA allows an organism to make ____.
|
proteins
|
|
|
During an exergonic reaction, the energy content of the reactants is ____ than the energy of the products.
|
higher
|
|
|
During an endergonic reaction, the energy content of the reactants is ____ than the energy content of the products.
|
lower
|
|
|
An example of an exergonic and endergonic reaction:
|
Exergonic: burning coal
Endergonic: photosynthesis |
|
|
The union of ____ and ____ groups bonds amino acids.
|
Carboxyl and Amino groups
|
|
|
The union of _____ and ______ groups bond monosaccharides.
|
Hydroxyl and hydroxyl
|
|
|
The union of _____ and _____ bond glycerol and fatty acids.
|
Carboxyl and hydroxyl groups
|
|
|
Describe covalent bonding:
|
Sharing of electrons between atoms. Tend to be stronger bond and do not dissolve in water.
|
|
|
Describe ionic bonding:
|
Atoms lose or gain an electron and are attracted to the ion of opposite charge. Weaker than covalent bonds and dissolve in polar substances like water.
|
|
|
What is the most abundant organic compound on earth?
|
wood or cellulose
|
|
|
Silk, hair , and horn are ____ proteins.
|
Structural
|
|
|
Actin and myosin are _____ proteins.
|
Contractile
|
|
|
Ovalbumin and casein are ______ proteins.
|
Storage
|
|
|
Antibodies are ______ proteins.
|
Defensive
|
|
|
Hemoglobin is a _____ protein.
|
Transport
|
|
|
Coordination of activities is controlled by ____ proteins.
|
Hormonal
|
|
|
______ proteins are located in cell membranes.
|
Receptor
|
|
|
Chemical catalysts are a function of _____ proteins.
|
Enzyme proteins
|
|
|
List 6 specific properties of life:
|
1)Order
2)Reproduction 3)Growth and development 4)Energy Utilization 5)Response to the Environment 6)Homeostasis 7)Evolutionary Adaptation |
|
|
List and give an example of the four principle types of biological molecules
|
Carbohydrates: mono di, poly saccharides
Lipids: oils, fats, waxes, phospholipids, steroids Proteins: structural, contractile, storage, defensive, transport, hormonal, receptor, enzymes, Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA |
|
|
What are the 4 principle types of biological molecules?
|
Lipids
Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids |
|
|
Molecules move from areas of ____ concentration to areas of _____ concentration.
|
HIGH
LOW |
|
|
Amino acids are the building blocks for _____.
|
Proteins
|
|
|
Which proteins are found in the plasma membrane?
|
Transport and Receptor proteins
|
|
|
_____ is a polysaccharide found in fungi and insects.
|
Chitin
|
|
|
Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient is _____.
|
active transport
|
|
|
____ and ____ are examples of eukaryotes.
|
Protists and plants
|
|
|
Prokaryotic cells do not have a ______,
|
membrane bound nucleus
|
|
|
RNA is a polymer of _____.
|
nucleotides
|
|
|
DNA is made up of 2 strands of linked sequences of _____.
|
Nucleotides
|
|
|
A ____ consists of a specific sequence of nucleotides.
|
gene
|
|
|
Species belonging to the third domain, ____, have _____ cells whose mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from endosymbioses of bacteria.
|
Eurkayka, Eukaryotic
|
|
|
"living inside another"
|
endosymbiosis
|
|
|
____ is a group of species that share a recent common ancester.
|
Genus
|
|
|
Individual cells also regulated their internal environment through the actions of a _____.
|
plasma membrane
|
|
|
A group of individuals in the same species that interact with one another is a _____.
|
population
|
|
|
Viruses can ____.
|
mutate
|
|
|
If samples were brought back from a distant planet, what would be the first evidence of life, assuming its evolution followed the same path as Earth's?
|
presence of nucleic acids
|
|
|
Oceans were a good environment for early organisms because they_____.
|
shielded organisms from ultraviolet light.
|
|
|
The organisms that produced the oxygen gas in Earth's atmosphere paved the way for the type of metabolism used by larger organisms, called _______ metabolism.
|
aerobic
|
|
|
Relationships between living organisms can best be gleaned by comparing their ____
|
genomes
|
|
|
All cells in a multicellular organism contain the same ____.
|
genome
|
|
|
Prokaryotes are surrounded by a ____.
|
plasma membrane
|
|
|
An __ is an electrically charged particle that forms when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons.
|
ion
|
|
|
Ionic bonds result in stable molecules that are often referred to as ____.
|
Salts
|
|
|
Water molecules are oriented with their negative poles nearest to the ____ and their positive poles nearest to the _____.
|
cations
anions |
|
|
Carbon can form __ covalent bonds
|
4
|
|
|
The orientations of _____ in space give molecules 3-dimensional geometry, and the shapes of molecules contribute to their biological functions.
|
covalent bonds
|
|
|
A _____ bond involves the sharing of 4 electrons. (Two pairs;C=C)
|
double
|
|
|
If atoms are close to each other in electronegativity, they will share electrons ____ in what is called a _____ bond.
|
Equally
Nonpolar covalent |
|
|
The _____ of a nucleus depends on how many positive charges it has(nuclei with more protons are more positive and thus more attractive to electrons) and on the distance between electrons in the bond and the nucleus.
|
Electronegativity
|
|
|
Hydrogen bonding between water molecules contributes to 2 properties of water of great significance for living systems:
|
heat capacity and cohesion
|
|
|
Multiple hydrogen bonds contribute to the _____ of water.
|
high heat capacity
|
|
|
Hydrogen bonding gives water a high ____.
|
high heat of vaporization
|
|
|
____ is defined as the capacity of water molecules to resist coming apart from one another when placed under tension.
|
Cohesion
|
|
|
Molecules containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms-called hydrocarbon molecules-are ____.
|
Nonpolar
|
|
|
Typically, a difference in electronegativity greater than .5 will result in _____.
|
polarity
|
|
|
In a single molecule of water, the two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by
____ |
polar covalent bonds
|
|
|
_____ are formed from different combinations of 20 amino acids, all of which share similar chemical similarities
|
Proteins.
|
|
|
____ can be giant molecules and are formed by linking together chemically similar sugar monomers to form polysaccharides.
|
Carbohydrates
|
|
|
_____are formed from four kinds of nucleotide monomers linked together in long chains.
|
Nucleic acids
|
|
|
_____ form large structures from a limited set of smaller molecules, but in this case noncovalent forces maintain the interactions between the lipid monomers.
|
Lipids
|
|
|
____ are simple sugars.
|
monosaccharides
|
|
|
is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
|
glycosidic bond
|
|
|
The disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides are all constructed from _____ that are covalently bonded by condensation reactions that form glycosidic linkages.
|
monosaccharides
|
|
|
______ are often covalently bonded to proteins and lipids on the outer surfaces of cells, where they serve as recognition signals.
|
Oligosaccharides
|
|
|
___ is the principle energy storage compound of plants.
|
Starch
|
|
|
____ is a water-insoluble, highly branched polymer of glucose that is the major energy storage molecule in mammals.
|
Glycogen
|
|
|
Branching limits the number of hydrogen bonds that can form in ___ molecules, making ____ less compact than cellulose
|
starch
starch |
|
|
____ play important structural roles in cell membranes and on body surfaces, largely bc their nonpolar nature makes them essentially insoluble in water.
|
Lipids
|
|
|
Fat in animal bodies serves as thermal insulation. This is a function of _____.
|
lipids
|
|
|
Lipids are _____ molecules
|
hydrophobic
|
|
|
The most common units of lipids are _____.
|
triglycerides
|
|
|
The long hydrocarbon chain in a fatty acid is very ____ bc of its abundant C-H and C-C bonds.
|
hydrophobic
|
|
|
Sysnthesis of a triglyceride involves 3 _______.
|
condensation reactions.
|
|
|
In an ______ acid, the hydrocarbon chain contains 1 or more double bonds.
|
unsaturated fatty acid
|
|
|
In a _____ acid, all the bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain are single.
|
saturated fatty acid
|
|
|
The triglycerides of plants, such as corn oil, tend to have ___ or unsaturated fatty acids. BC of their kinks, these fatty acids pack together poorly, have a low melting point, and are usually liquid at room temperature.
|
short
|
|
|
The triglycerides of animal fats tend to have many ____ saturated fatty acids, which pack tightly together.
|
long-chain
|
|
|
____ fatty acid molecules are relatively straight and rigid and they pack together tightly.
|
Saturated fatty acid
|
|
|
A fatty acid is a molecule with a _____ end and a long ______ tail.
|
hydrophilic end
hydrophobic tail |
|
|
In triglycerides, a glycerol molecule is bonded to three fatty acid chains and the resulting molecule if entirely _____.
|
hydrophobic
|
|
|
In _____, a phosphate containing compound relplaces one of the fatty acids, giving these molecules amphiphatic properties.
|
phospholipids
|
|
|
2nd law of thermodynamics:
|
Disorder tends to increase. When energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy becomes unavaliable for doing work.
|
|
|
Chemical changes, physical changes, and biological processes all tend to increase ____.
|
entropy
|
|
|
Six membered single ring structure is called a ____.
|
pyrimidine
|
|
|
A fused double-ring structure is called a ___.
|
purine
|
|
|
Nucleotides make up ____.
|
nucleic acids
|
|
|
Many single stranded ___ molecules fold up into three dimensional structures, bc of hydrogen bonding between ribonucleotides in separate portions of the molecules. This results in 3d surface for the bonding and recognition of other molecules. This folding occurs by complementary base pairing and the structure is thus determined by the particular oder of bases in the___ molecule.
|
RNA
|
|
|
Some DNA can be copied into RNA in a process called ____
|
transcription
|
|
|
The nucleotide sequence in the RNA can then be used to specify a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. This process is called ____.
|
translation
|
|
|
____ proteins such as antibodies recognize and respond to substances or particles that invade the organism from the environment.
|
Defensive proteins
|
|
|
___proteins such as insulin control physiological processes.
|
Hormonal and regulatory proteins
|
|
|
___proteins store chemical building blocks---amino acids---for later use.
|
storage proteins
|
|
|
____proteins such as collagen provide physical stability and movement.
|
Structurual
|
|
|
____proteins such as hemoglobin carry substances within the organism.
|
Transport proteins
|
|
|
____proteins regulate when, how, and to what extenet a gene is expressed.
|
Genetic regulatory
|
|
|
Amino acids are bonded to one another by _____ linkages.
|
peptide
|
|
|
Amino acids are the building blocks of ____.
|
proteins
|
|
|
2 types of secondary structure:
|
1) the alpha helix-is a right handed coil that turns in the same direction as a wood screw. The coiling results from hydrogen bonds that form between the N-H group on one amino acid and the C=O group within the same turn of the helix.
2) the beta pleated sheet-is formed from two or more polypeptide chains that are extended and aligned. The sheet is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the N-H groups and the C=O groups on the two chains. |
|
|
It is the interactions between the amino acid side chains that determine _____ structure.
|
Tertiary
|
|
|
_____ are substances that speed up reactions without themselves being permanently altered.
|
catalysts
|
|
|
Most biological catalysts are proteins called _____.
|
enzymes
|
|
|
an input of energy that intiates a reaction puts a molecule into a reactive mode know as the ____.
|
transition state
|
|
|
The energy input required to reach the transition state is called _____.
|
the activation energy
|
|
|
An enzyme ____ the activation energy for the reaction, it offers the reactants an easier path so they can come together and react more easily.
|
enzyme
|
|
|
Most biological catalysts are highly ____.
|
specific
|
|
|
In an enzyme catalyzed reaction, the reactants are called ____.
|
substrates
|
|
|
Substrate molecules bind to a particular site on the the enzyme, called the _____, where catalysis takes place.
|
active site
|
|
|
The binding of a substrate to the active site of an enzyme produces an _______, that is held together by one or more means such as hydrogen bonding, electrical attraction, or temporary covalent bonding.
|
enzyme-substrate complex (ES)
|
|
|
______ strain: once the substrate has bound to the active site, the enzyme causes bonds in the substrate to stretch, putting it in an unstable transition state.
|
Inducing strain
|
|
|
_____ orientation, when free in solution, substrates are moving from place to place randomly while at the same time vibrating, rotating, and tumbling.
|
Substate orientation
|
|
|
During the formation of a _____, new nucleotides are added to an existing chain one at a time. The pentose sugar and phosphate provide the hydroxyl functional groups for the linkage of one nucleotide to the next.
|
nucleic acid
|
|
|
The connection in a nucleic acid strand, formed by linking two nucleotides.
|
Phosphodiester linkage
|
