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308 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Four states of matter
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solid, liquid, gas, plasma
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How many naturally occurring elements on Earth?
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92
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How many elements are essential to people?
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25
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What are the four elements that make up about 96% of most cells and our body?
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oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen
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What does the number of protons equate to on the periodic table?
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atomic number
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The number of protons plus the number of neutrons equals what?
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mass number
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A substance that contains two or more elements in a fixed ratio is called a ________
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compound
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What are the three subatomic particles?
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protons, neutrons, electrons
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What are alternate mass forms of an element called?
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isotopes
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Which subatomic particle do isotopes differ in when compared to the standard element?
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neutrons
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The farther an electron is from the nucleus, the greater its ____ _____
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potential energy
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What are charged atoms?
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ions
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What kind of bonds form between oppositely-charged ions?
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ionic
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Which bond is the strongest?
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covalent
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What bond is found abundantly in nature?
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hydrogen
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What bond is the weakest?
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hydrogen
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What are the starting materials of a chemical reaction?
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reactants
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What are the ending materials of a chemical reaction?
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products
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How much of our cells are composed of water?
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70-95%
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Water sticking to itself is called ________
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cohesion
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Water sticking to something besides itself, such as the side of a tree is called ________
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adhesion
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What is the dissolving agent in a solution called?
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solvent
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What is the dissolved substance in a solution called?
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solute
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When water is the solvent, the result is an _______
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aqueous solution
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a chemical compound that releases H+ to the solution is a(n)
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acid
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a chemical compound that accepts H+ and removes them from the solution is a(n)
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base
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What describes the acidity of a solution
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pH scale
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Acidic solution: lower/higher number?
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lower
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Acidic solution: more/less hydrogen ions?
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more
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Substances that resist pH change
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buffers
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a period of abnormally dry weather that changes the environment and one of the most devastating disasters.
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A drought
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Why are droughts catastrophic?
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Life can't survive without water
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anything that occupies space and has mass.
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matter
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What is all matter composed of?
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Chemical elements.
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elements that are essential to life, but only required in very small amounts
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Trace elements
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Disease caused by iodine deficiency
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Goiter
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element added to dental products and drinking water and helps to maintain healthy bones and teeth
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Fluorine
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NaCl
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sodium chloride (table salt)
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smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.
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Atom
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measure of the amount of material in an object
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mass
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How are isotopes different from normal elements?
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Isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons but differ in their number of neutrons and Isotopes have a nucleus that decays spontaneously.
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Name two uses for Isotopes
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1. To follow molecules as they undergo chemical changes.
2. Diagnosing diseases such as heart disorders and some cancers using PET scans |
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How can uncontrolled exposure to radioactive isotopes be harmful?
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It may damage to organisms' DNA
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Why was Chernobyl harmful?
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The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident released large amounts of radioactive isotopes.
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Of the three subatomic particles, Which are directly involved in the chemical activity of an atom?
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Electrons
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What is the difference between electrons closer to the nucleus and electrons farther from the nucleus?
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The farther an electron is from the nucleus, the greater its energy.
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What to chemical reactions enable atoms to do?
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Chemical reactions enable atoms to give up or acquire electrons, completing their outer shells.
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What type of bonds hold atoms together during chemical reactions?
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chemical bonds
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How does an atom become an ion/electrically charged?
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By gaining or losing electrons
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How are ionic bonds formed?
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the gain or loss of electrons leads to oppositely charged atoms (ions) which are attracted to each other
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How are covalent bonds formed?
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When one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons are shared between atoms
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How do we know how many covalent bonds an atom can form?
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By the number of additional electrons needed to fill its outer shell
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compound in which the electrons in its covalent bonds are not shared equally; causes it to be a polar molecule.
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Water
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Cells rearranging molecules by breaking existing chemical bonds and forming new ones is called _____
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chemical reactions
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Chemical reactions include _________, the starting materials, and ________, the end materials.
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reactants, products
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What explains the life-supporting properties of water?
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The polarity of water molecules and the hydrogen bonding
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What would happen if ice did not float?
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ponds, lakes, and even the oceans would freeze solid.
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a liquid consisting of a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
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Solution
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What is a dissolving agent?
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Solvent
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What is the dissolved substance?
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Solute
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When water is the solvent, the result is an _______ ________
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aqueous solution
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A chemical compound that releases H+ to a solution
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Acid
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A compound that accepts H+ and removes them from solution
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Base
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substances that resist pH change.
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Buffers
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Buffers _______ H+ ions when they are in excess and ______ H+ ions when they are depleted.
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accept; donate
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Why could increases in CO2 concentrations lead to problems?
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Increases in global CO2 concentrations may lead to the acidification of the oceans and ecological disasters.
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What is the most electrons any given atom can have in its first electron shell? How many in each shell after?
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2 electrons; 8 electrons
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stored energy
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potential energy
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Energy in motion
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Kinetic Energy
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Describe ionic bonds
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"selfish"
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Describe covalent bonds
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"sharing"
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What causes a spider to walk on water?
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the cumulative strength of hydrogen bonds between water molecules
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Describe a cell's organelles
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Carbon-based molecules
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What are organic compounds
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carbon-based molecules necessary for life's functions
|
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Why is carbon a versatile atom?
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It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight electrons.
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What are the simplest organic compounds?
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hydrocarbons, which contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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What is the simplest hydrocarbon?
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methane, a single carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms.
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What are groups of atoms that usually participate in chemical reactions?
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functional groups
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Give two common examples of functional groups
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hydroxyl groups (-OH) and carboxyl groups (-COOH).
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Gigantic molecules of life
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Macromlecules
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Name the 3 categories of macromolecules
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Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
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Macromolecules made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers.
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Polymers
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Reaction that links two monomers together and removes a molecule of water
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Dehydration
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Name the 4 categories of large biological molecules
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Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
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What macromolecule is sugar?
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Carbohydrate
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How are carbohydrates used by animals?
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In animals, carbohydrates are a primary source of dietary energy and raw material for manufacturing other kinds of organic compounds.
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How are carbohydrates used by plants?
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In plants, carbohydrates serve as a building material for much of the plant body.
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simple sugars that cannot be broken down by hydrolysis into smaller sugars and the monomers of carbohydrates.
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Monosaccharides
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What are two examples of Monosaccharides?
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glucose in sports drinks and fructose found in fruit.
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a double sugar, constructed from two monosaccharides, and formed by a dehydration reaction.
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Disaccharides
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Give examples of Disaccharides
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lactose in milk,maltose in beer, malted milk shakes, and malted milk ball candy,and sucrose in table sugar.
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the main carbohydrate in plant sap; rarely used as a sweetener in processed foods in the United States.
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Sucrose
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How much sugar does the avg. American consume per year?
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100lbs (45kg) per year mainly as sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup
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complex carbohydrates made of long chains of sugar units—polymers of monosaccharides.
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Polysaccharides
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a familiar example of a polysaccharide used by plant cells to store energy, and consists of long strings of glucose monomers.
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Starch
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Name two major sources of starch in our diet
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Potatoes and Grains
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used by animals cells to store energy and converted to glucose when it is needed.
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Glycogen
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The most abundant organic compound on Earth. forms cable-like fibrils in the walls that enclose plant cells, and cannot be broken apart by most animals.
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Cellulose
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Monosaccharides and disaccharides ________ in water
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dissolve
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Cellulose _______ in water
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Does not dissolve
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"water-loving," or adhering water to their surface; describes almost all carbohydrates
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Hydrophillic
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neither macromolecules nor polymers and hydrophobic; unable to mix with water.
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Lipids
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triglycerides; consists of a glycerol molecule, joined with three fatty acid molecules, via a dehydration reaction.
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Fats
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perform essential functions in the human body including energy storage, cushioning, and insulation.
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Fats
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If the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens, it is ___________
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unsaturated
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If the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid has the maximum number of hydrogens, it is ___________
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saturated
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What type of fat has no double bonds and all three of its fatty acids saturated?
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Saturated fat
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How is the carbon skeleton bent?
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To form four fused rings
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the chain, branch and/or ring of carbon atoms that form the basis of the structure of an organic molecule.
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Carbon Skeleton
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How do the functions of steroids vary?
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the varying functional groups attached to this set of rings known as the Carbon Skeleton
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a key component of cell membranes and the "base steroid" from which your body produces other steroids, such as estrogen and testosterone.
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Cholestrol
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variants of testosterone, mimic some of its effects, can cause serious physical and mental problems, may be prescribed to treat diseases such as cancer and AIDS, and are abused by athletes to enhance performance.
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Anabolic Steroids
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Describe Proteins
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1. polymers constructed from amino acid monomers,
2. account for more than 50% of the dry weight of most cells, 3. perform most of the tasks required for life, and 4. form enzymes |
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chemicals that change the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed in the process.
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Enzymes
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The Monomers of Proteins
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Amino Acids
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Proteins are constructed from how many amino acids in a common set?
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20
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What does an amino acid consist of?
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Each amino acid consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners.
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What 3 attachment groups are common to all amino acids
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a carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2), and a hydrogen atom.
|
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How are polypeptides formed?
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Cells link amino acids together by dehydration reactions, forming peptide bonds, and creating long chains of amino acids called polypeptides.
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What affects a protein's function
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Its shape
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What does a functional protein consist of?
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one or more polypeptide chains, precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape.
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How does a protein carry out its function?
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A protein's shape recognizes and binds to another molecule and enables the protein to carry out its function in a cell.
|
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What causes a protein to change shape?
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An unfavorable change in temperature (such as a high fever), pressure, and/or pH can cause denaturation of a protein, in which it unravels and loses its shape.
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macromolecules that store information, provide the directions for building proteins, and include DNA and RNA.
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Nucleic Acids
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____resides in cells in long fibers called chromosomes.
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DNA
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a specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.
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Gene
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What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
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a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.
|
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How is RNA different from DNA?
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RNA uses the sugar ribose and the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).
& RNA is usually single-stranded, but DNA usually exists as a double helix. |
|
what make up carbohydrates?
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Monosaccharides
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what is another name for lipids?
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fats
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what makes up lipids?
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triglycerides
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what makes up nucleic acids?
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nucleotides
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What is the primary structure of a protein/amino acid chain? What does it look like?
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Lysozyme; a pear necklace
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What are the secondary shapes of a protein?
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pleated sheet ('brochure') and alpha helix
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3D shape of the polypeptide
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Tertiary shape
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What links amino acids together?
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peptide bonds
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what are the rules when forming DNA?
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Adenine can only bond with Thymine, Guanine can only bond with Cytosine
|
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single-celled organisms
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prokaryotes or protists
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multicelled organisms
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plants, animals, most fungi
|
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What are the two major categories of cells?
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prokaryotic cells - bacteria and archaea
eukaryotic cells - protists, plants, fungi, and animals |
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All cells have what four basic features?
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1. All cells have a thin plasma membrane
2. cytosol 3. one or more chromosomes carrying genes 4. ribosomes |
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A jelly-like fluid in which cellular components are suspended
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cytosol
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tiny structures that build proteins according to the instruction from the DNA
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Ribosomes
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Which type of cells are the oldest?
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Prokaryotes which appeared 3.5 billion years ago
|
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When did Eukaryotes appear?
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2.1 billion years ago
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What features are exclusive only to Eukaryotic cells and not Prokaryotes?
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Organelles
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membrane-enclosed structures that perform specific functions.
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Organelles
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The most important organelle, which houses most of a eukaryotic cell's DNA and is surrounded by a double membrane.
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Nucleus
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The region between the nucleus and plasma membrane
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Cytoplasm
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organelle found only in plant cells which converts light energy to the chemical energy of food in the process of photosynthesis
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Chloroplasts
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What two major organelles do plant cells have that animal cells don't?
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chloroplasts and protective cell walls
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bubbles of digestive enzymes surrounded by membranes possessed only by animal cells
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Lysosomes
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separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings and helps convey signals between cells and between cells and their environment. Acts as a bouncer
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The plasma membrane
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________ are a special category of lipids found in the thin membranes of cells.
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Phospholipids
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A two-layer membrane found in the thin membrane of cells, composed of phospholipids
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the phospholipid bilayer.
|
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What are plant cell walls made of?
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cellulose
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What are the 3 jobs of cell walls?
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1. protect the cell
2. maintain cell shape 3. keep cells from absorbing too much water |
|
animal cell organelle which helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports them
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extracellular matrix
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The surfaces of most animal cells contain ___ ______, structures that connect cells together into tissues, allowing them to function in a coordinated way
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cell junctions
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the 'chief executive' of the cell which contains genes used to produce protein
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Nucleus
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What separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?
|
Nuclear Envelope
|
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Where are ribosomes made?
|
in the nucleolus, found in the nucleus
|
|
responsible for protein synthesis
|
RIBOSOMES
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where are ribosomes assembled?
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cytoplasm
|
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How does DNA program protein production in the cytoplasm?
|
by transferring its coded information into messenger RNA (mRNA).
|
|
where does mRNA exit the nucleus?
|
through the pores in the nuclear envelope
|
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how do ribosomes make proteins?
|
A ribosome moves along the mRNA, translating the genetic message into a protein with a specific amino acid sequence
|
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Main manufacturing facilities in a cell
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Endoplasmic reticulum
|
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What does the "rough" in rough ER refers to?
|
It refers to ribosomes that stud the outside of this portion of the ER membrane
|
|
What is smooth ER?
|
portion of ER that lacks ribosomes but produces lipids and steroids, and helps liver cells detoxify circulating drugs
|
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organelle that works in partnership with the ER and receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell.
|
Golgi Apparatus
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tiny cytoplasmic sacs used by Many cells to engulf nutrients; work with the lysosomes to nourish the cell
|
Food Vacuoles
|
|
name 3 uses of lysosomes
|
1. Destroy harmful bacteria
2. break down damaged organelles 3. sculpt tissues such as fingers during embryonic development |
|
name 3 places vacuoles bud from
|
ER, Golgi Apparatus, Plasma Membrane
|
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name 3 uses of plants' central vacuoles
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store nutrients, absorb water, contain pigments or poisons
|
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what are the cellular power stations for plant and animal cells respectively?
|
chloroplasts and mitochondria
|
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the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar and other organic molecules using chloroplasts
|
Photosynthesis
|
|
a thick fluid within the chloroplast that covers the grana
|
Stroma
|
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membrane-enclosed discs and tubes that trap light energy and convert it to chemical energy
|
Grana
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the organelles of cellular respiration found in almost all eukaryotic cells
|
Mitochondria
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What is the purpose of Mitochondria?
|
to produce ATP from the energy of food molecules.
|
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inner membrane that has numerous infoldings that encloses a thick fluid called the matrix
|
Cristae
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What piece of evidence suggests that mitochondria and cholorplasts evolved from free-living prokaryotes in the distant past?
|
Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA, which encodes some of their proteins.
|
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network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm that maintains the cell's shape
|
Cytoskeleton
|
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straight and hollow tubes found within the cytoskeleton that guide the movement of organelles and chromosomes.
|
Microtubules
|
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How can an object at rest have energy?
|
It can have potential energy b/c of its location or structure.
|
|
What is kinetic energy?
|
The energy of motion.
|
|
What does the conservation of energy mean?
|
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted.
|
|
What is entropy?
|
Measures the amount of disorder or randomness in a system.
|
|
What is chemical energy?
|
Energy that arises from the arrangement of atoms and can be released by a chemical reaction.
|
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Which energy is most randomized and difficult to put to work?
|
Heat energy.
|
|
what 3 types of work does ATP energize?
|
Mechanical Work, Transport Work, Chemical Work
|
|
What is ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)?
|
-Consists of an organic molecule called adenosince plus a tail of phosphate groups.
|
|
Energizes other molecules in cells by transferring phosphate groups to those molecules.
|
ATP
|
|
the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of fuel molecules and
the storage of that energy in a form the cell can use to perform work. |
Cellular Respiration
|
|
What is metabolism?
|
The total of all chemical reactions in an organism.
|
|
What are enzymes?
|
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
|
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What needs to happen before a chemical reaction to begin?
|
Chemical bonds in the reactant molecules must be broken.
|
|
What is activation energy?
|
Energy that Activates the reactants and triggers the chemical reaction.
|
|
How do enzymes enable metabolism to occur?
|
By reducing the amount of activation energy required to break the bonds of reactant molecules.
|
|
How does ATP powers cellular work?
|
ATP transfers a phosphate group to another molecule, increasing that molecule's energy.
|
|
What is a substrate?
|
The enzyme's ability to recognize a certain reactant molecule.
|
|
What is the active site?
|
A region of the enzyme that has a shape and chemistry that fit the substrate molecule.
|
|
When a substrate slips into this docking station, the active site changes shape slightly to embrace the substrate and catalyze the reaction. What is this called?
|
Induced fit
|
|
Describe how an enzyme works.
|
-W/ it's active site empty, sucrase can accept a molecule of its substrate.
|
|
Humans convert what % of the energy in food to useful work, such as the contraction of muscles?
|
34%
|
|
the amount of energy that can raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
|
Calorie
|
|
What process is used to generate ATP?
|
Cellular Respiration
|
|
What are enzyme inhibitors?
|
Substrate impostors that plug up the active site.
|
|
when products of a reaction inhibit the enzyme required for its production, This Keeps the cell from wasting resources that could be put to better use. What is this process called?
|
Feedback Regulation
|
|
What are transport proteins?
|
Membrane proteins that help substances across a cell membrane.
|
|
What are the 6 main functions of membrane proteins.
|
- Cell Signaling
- Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix - Transport - Intercellular joining - Cell recognition - Enzymatic activity |
|
What are the two jobs of ATP?
|
to store energy obtained from food, and
release it later as needed |
|
Why is feedback regulation important when it comes to drugs?
|
Many beneficial drugs such as ibuprofen and Penicillin work by inhibiting enzymes
|
|
what causes molecules to vibrate and wander randomly?
|
heat energy within the molecules
|
|
a ______ solution has a higher concentration of solute,
|
hypertonic
|
|
a ______ solution has a lower concentration of solute,
|
hypotonic
|
|
What is diffusion?
|
The movement of molecules of any substance so that they spread out into the available space.
|
|
What is passive transport?
|
Diffusion across a membrane - does not require any energy.
|
|
How is facilitated diffusion a form of passive transport?
|
It uses proteins to transport materials down a concentration gradient w/o expending energy.
|
|
What is a concentration gradient?
|
A region in which the substance's density changes.
|
|
What is osmosis?
|
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
|
|
What is a hypertonic?
|
The solution w/ a higher concentration of solute when compared to another.
|
|
What is a hypotonic?
|
The solution w/ a lower concentration of solute when compared to another. (has the highest water concentration)
|
|
What is an isotonic?
|
Solutions of equal solute concentration.
|
|
What does the survival of a cell depend on ?
|
It's ability to balance water uptake and loss.
|
|
What is osmoregulation?
|
The control of water balance.
|
|
What is a plasmolysis?
|
The process where a plant cell loses water, it shrivels, and its plasma membranes pull away from the cell wall.
|
|
process that Requires that a cell expend energy to move molecules off a membrane
|
Active Transport
|
|
What molecule is the usual energy source for active transport?
|
ATP
|
|
What is endocytosis?
|
Takes material into the cell within vesicles that bud inward from the plasma membrane.
|
|
"cellular eating"; a cell engulfs a particle and packages it within a food vacuole
|
phagocytosis
|
|
What is Pinocytosis?
|
"cellular drinking" the cell gulps droplets of fluid by forming vesicles.
|
|
How can a molecule change a cell w/o entering it?
|
It can bind to a membrane protein that triggers a signal transduction pathway.
|
|
What is a key step in the origin of life?
|
The spontaneous formation of membranes.
|
|
Nanotechnology may eventually produce tiny robots with glycolytic enzymes that use______ as an energy source.
|
glucose
|
|
Most cellular work is accomplished by _____ energizing molecules by __________ them.
|
ATP ... transferring a phosphate group to
|
|
A relaxed spring is to a compressed spring, as _____ is to _____.
|
ADP ... ATP
|
|
The mechanism of enzyme action is __________.
|
to lower the energy of activation of a reaction
|
|
Why does the process of gene evolution sometimes first involve duplication of a gene?
|
Duplication means that mutations can occur in one gene while the other continues to produce a functional protein.
|
|
Why doesn't the antibiotic penicillin harm humans?
|
Human cells do not have cell walls.
|
|
he movement of atoms, ions, or molecules from a region of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration is called _____.
|
diffusion
|
|
Cells A and B are the same size and shape, but cell A is metabolically quiet and cell B is actively consuming oxygen. Oxygen will diffuse more quickly into cell _____ because __________.
|
B ... the diffusion gradient there is steeper
|
|
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called _____.
|
osmosis
|
|
A plant cell placed in a hypotonic solution will not lose water because __________.
|
the cell wall prevents the plant cell from bursting
|
|
If the volume of a cell increases when it is placed in a solution, that solution is said to be _____ to the cell.
|
hypotonic
|
|
When in solution, a molecule that moves slowly across an artificial membrane moves rapidly across a plasma membrane. This occurs regardless of whether the concentration of this molecule is higher inside or outside the cell. Using this information, which transport mechanism is most likely to be responsible for the movement of the molecule across a plasma membrane?
|
active transport
|
|
The transport of molecules of a particular solute from inside an animal cell across the cell membrane to the extracellular fluid always requires energy when __________
|
the concentration of the solute is lower inside the cell than outside it
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process triggered by the binding of certain external molecules to specific receptor proteins built into the plasma membrane
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endocytosis
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Some liver cells ingest bacteria, a function probably accomplished by _____.
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phagocytosis
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The secretion of neurotransmitters out of the nerve cell within transport vesicles
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exocytosis
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Cellular responses involve _____ of an external signal.
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transduction
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defined as the capacity to cause change or the ability to rearrange a collection of matter
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Energy
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a ______ solution has an equal concentration of solute.
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isotonic
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What qualifies as a solute?
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any non-water substance
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what should you keep in mind when comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration, as well as osmosis and passive transport?
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They're complete opposites
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what are the inputs of cellular respiration? the outputs?
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glucose (from food), + O2;
CO2 + Water |
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what is the rule when regarding solutions?
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water always follows where it's more salty
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The study of life
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Biology
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The dynamics of any ecosystem depend on what two main processes?
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recycling of chemical nutrients and flow of energy.
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the level at which the properties of life emerge.
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The cell
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the lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life
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cells
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All organisms are composed of _____
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cells
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What is the purpose of the cell membrane?
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To regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings.
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Every cell uses ____ as its genetic information.
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DNA
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What are the two major types of cells?
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
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Type of cell that is simpler and usually smaller and characteristic of bacteria.
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Type of cell subdivided by internal membranes into different functional compartments called organelles and found in plants and animals.
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Eukaryotic cell
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the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring; used by all cells
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DNA
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The chemical language of DNA is common to all organisms and consists of just four molecular building blocks with names that are abbreviated. What are they?
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Adenine - Thymine - Cytosine - Guanine
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The entire “book” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
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Genome
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______ ________ has transformed the pharmaceutical industry and extended millions of lives.
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Genetic Engineering
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What is packed in the nucleus of each human cell?
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a genome that is about 3 billion chemical letters long.
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How many species of known life have biologists identified and named?
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1.8 million
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What is the estimated total number of species on Earth?
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range from 10 million to over 100 million.
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The branch of biology that names and classifies species.
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Taxonomy
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What are The Three Domains of Life
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Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
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What domains of life have prokaryotic cells.
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Bacteria and Archaea
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What domains of life have eukaryotic cells?
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Eukarya
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The genetic language possessed and used by all life
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DNA
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accounts for the combination of unity and diversity of life
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Evolution
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How do we document the history of life?
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Fossils
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The evolutionary view of life came into focus in 1859 by the man who published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Who is this man?
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Charles Darwin
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Darwin’s book developed what two main points?
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Species living today descended from a succession of ancestral species in what Darwin called “descent with modification,” capturing the duality of life’s unity (descent) and diversity (modification).
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the mechanism for descent with modification.
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Natural Selection
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What caused the inspiration for Darwin's theory?
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Darwin was struck by the diversity of animals on the Galápagos Islands.
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What was Darwin's conclusion from his studies
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Unequal reproductive success aka Natural Selection
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What two observations led to Darwin's conclusion
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Observation 1: Overproduction and competition
Observation 2: Individual variation |
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What is the product of Natural Selection
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Adaptation
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the mechanism of evolution.
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Natural selection
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the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans.
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Artificial Selection
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Name and explain two examples of Natural Selection
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1.) In Galápagos finches, beak size becomes better suited to the size and shape of available seeds.
2.) Antibiotic-resistance in bacteria evolves in response to the overuse of antibiotics. |
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the unifying theme of biology.
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Evolution
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What did science develop from?
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our curiosity about ourselves and the world around us.
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What are the two main scientific approaches?
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Discovery science which mostly describes nature and Hypothesis-driven science which is mostly about explaining nature.
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what type of reasoning takes the form of “If…then” logic?
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deductive reasoning
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What is a scientific theory, and how is it different from a hypothesis?
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A scientific theory is much broader in scope than a hypothesis. Theories only become widely accepted in science if they are supported by an accumulation of extensive and varied evidence.
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Includes all life and all the places where life exists
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Biosphere
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Consists of all living organisms in a particular area and all the non-living components of the environment with which life interacts.
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Ecosystem
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All organisms in an area
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community
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Groups of interacting individuals of one species within communities
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Population
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consists of a group of similar cells performing a specific function; building blocks of organs
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Tissue
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Where do cells come from
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other cells
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What should you think of when you see the 'E' in Ecosystem?
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Energy
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Why aren't fungi considered plants?
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Fungi consume decomposed material, not sunlight
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name 3 kingdoms of domain eukarya
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Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia |
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What is the difference between Protists and Bacteria?
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Protists are more animal-like
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What is one major characteristic of Protists?
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They are single-celled
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