Biology: Evolution

Front 1

1) What is fitness?
2) If you have an individual who is strong, healthy, long-living, but cannot reproduce - how would you rate its fitness?
3) What is natural selection?
4) Difference b/t directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection?

Back 1

1) The ability to pass your genes on, or reproductive success
2) Zero. It cannot reproduce.
3) Survival and reproduction of the fittest
4) Directional-selects for a trait on one extreme (canopy trees compete for sunlight so they always want to grow higher)
Stabilizing-select for an intermediate trait (low & high birthweights are bad, there's a "just right" weight)
Disruptive-Selects for two extremes and leaves out middle (birds w/2 niches - small beaks eat berries, large beaks eat seeds, medium beaks left out)

Front 2

1) What is group selection?
2) How does altruism fit into group selection?
3) When is altruistic behavior selected for?

Back 2

1) Natural selection acting on a group, not an individual
2) Organisms behave altruistically at a cost to itself in order to benefit the group (ex.vampire bats - regurgitate blood to feed a bat that has not eaten that night)
3) When the benefit outweighs the cost

Front 3

1) How do we know that something was evolutionarily successful?
2) What is speciation?
3) What are the three conditions for biological species?

Back 3

1) If the % of an allele increases in the gene pool of the next generation
2) Formation of a new species
3) (a) Be able to interbreed (b) Be able to produce fertile, viable offspring (c) Does this naturally

Front 4

1) What is polymorphism?
2) What is adaptation? What causes it?
3) What is specialization?
4) When niches overlap, there can be _______ b/t species

Back 4

1) Different forms of alleles/traits
2) Genetic change in a population caused by natural selection
3) Adaptation of traits to better fill a niche - adapting to a function or environment
4) Competition

Front 5

1) What is an ecological niche?
2) When resources become scarce, __(a)__ increases, which decreases population __(b)__.
3) What is a driving force for speciation?

Back 5

1) What resources the species uses to survive in its environment
2) (a)Competition (b) growth
3) Competition w/in a species can force members to occupy different niches

Front 6

1) What is inbreeding?
2) Inbreeding increases the frequency of heterozygotes or homozygotes?
3) What is outbreeding?
4) Outbreeding increases the frequency of heterozygotes or homozygotes?

Back 6

1) Mating b/t relatives
2) Homozygotes
3) Mating w/non-relatives
4) Heterozygotes

Front 7

1) What is a bottleneck?
2) What can cause this?
3) What is genetic drift?
4) The effect of genetic drift increases as population size _______

Back 7

1) A severe reduction in population size
2) Ex. Natural disaster that wipes out majority of pop.
3) Random changes in allele frequencies
4) Decreases

Front 8

1) Divergent evolution?
2) Parallel evolution?
3) Convergent evolution?
4) Coevolution?

Back 8

1) Same lineage, evolving apart to be more different
2) Same lineage, evolving close together to be similar, using similar mechanisms
3) Different lineage, evolving closer together to be similar, using different mechanisms
4) Two species evolve in response to each other (predator/prey)

Front 9

Symbiotic Relationships
1) Parasitism?
2) Commensalism?
3) Mutualism?
4) What type of relationship are lichens made from?

Back 9

1) Relationship where one benefits (parasite) and other is harmed (host)
2) Relationship where one benefits and the other isn't harmed
3) Relationship where both species benefit
4) Mutualistic b/t fungi and algae. The fungus provides anchor/absorption and the algae provides photosynthesis

Front 10

1) What is ontogeny?
2) What is phylogeny?
3) In early development, what are some characteristics that vertebrate embryos share with a common ancestor?
4)

Back 10

1) Development through the life of an organism
2) Development through evolutionary time of lineages/species
3) Gill slits, notochord, segmentation, paddle-like limbs
4)