Biology - Evolution

Front 1

EVOLUTION

Back 1

a change in the gene pool
over a period of time.

Front 2

EARTHS CRUST

Back 2

-James Hutton- rock formations
appear, change and disappear
over long periods of time.

Front 3

*LAW OF
SUPERPOSITION*

Back 3

- in rock layers, the bottom
layer is the oldest

Front 4

PANGEA

Back 4

-Alfred Wegner
-Theory of continental drift

Front 5

FOSSILS

Back 5

-any preserved evidence of life
-provides evidence that organisms
have changed over time.

Front 6

FOSSILS-1

Back 6

-most fossils are of organisms
that no longer exist.

Front 7

FOSSILS-2

Back 7

-some species are older than others

Front 8

FOSSILS-3

Back 8

principle of fossil succession
-charles lyell: fossils that are
found in deeper rock layers are older.
-shows an abundance of species change over time.
-fossils can arrange "family trees"
-fossils can arrange intermediate species
-Archaeopterix
found in bavaria
reptile with feathers and furculum
changed to modern birds
(feathers and no teeth)

Front 9

COMPARATIVE
ANATOMY

Back 9

-organisms with similar
ancestry have similar characteristics

Front 10

HOMOLOGOUS
STRUCTURES

Back 10

similar structure, but different function

Front 11

ANALOGOUS
STRUCTURES

Back 11

similar function, but different structure

Front 12

VESTIGIAL
ORGANS

Back 12

organs that are useless to the present organism,
but serve an important function in other species.
ex. appendix-
homologous to the cecum
ex. coccyx- homologous to the tail
ex. pelvic/hind limb bones-
homologous to whales and boas

Front 13

EMBRYOLOGY

Back 13

many related organisms show
similar development

Front 14

EMBRYOLOGY 1

Back 14

gill slits-
reptiles, birds and mammals

Front 15

EMBRYOLOGY 2

Back 15

tooth buds- whales and birds

Front 16

EMBRYOLOGY 3

Back 16

tails- all mammals

Front 17

EMBRYOLOGY 4

Back 17

egg laying-
- oviparous:egg laying animals
ex. dinosaurs, birds, reptiles
- ovoviporous: eggs hatch within the
mother and are born alive
- viparous: mammals that give live birth

Front 18

BIOGEOGRAPHY

Back 18

study of the geographical
distribution of organisms

Front 19

BIOGEOGRAPHY 1
ADAPTIVE RADIATION

Back 19

various species develop
from a common ancestor

Front 20

BIOGEOGRAPHY 2
ENDEMIC SPECIES

Back 20

a species found in only one region

Front 21

BIOCHEMICA
EVIDENCE

Back 21

- use of ATP
- DNA or RNA for genetic material
- similar enzymes

Front 22

HISTORY OF
EVOLUTION-1

Back 22

Jean Baptiste de Lemarke-1809
-organisms could aquire traits that make them better
adapt to the environment
-traits could be passed on
-evolution could occur in one lifetime
(giraffe- long necks from stretching
to reach leaves)

Front 23

HISTORY OF
EVOLUTION-2

Back 23

Charles Darwin and Alfred R. Wallace
.Natural Selection
-"survival of the fittest"
-genetic variation allows survival traits
to accumulate and eventually occurs in
the entire population
-Weaker Traits Die out
-Individuals vary genetically: inherit parents' genes.
-Organisms produce more offspring
than the environment can suppuort.
-Pop. remains constant=
not all offspring survive.
-environment is constantly changing
but slowly
-environment determines who will survive.

Front 24

HISTORY OF
EVOLUTION-3

Back 24

Galapagos Islands-
-organisms reached these volcanic
islands by flying, swimming and drifting.

Front 25

HARDY WEINBERG
LAW

Back 25

-predicts the genetic results of
random mating
--no evolution can occur if all of the
following conditions are met:
*no mutations
*no selectionpressures
*no mating preferences
*Isolation:
No Exchange of outside genes
*large population

Front 26

STRUGGLE FOR
EXISTENCE

Back 26

Robert Malthus
-Nature Puts pressure on an
organism's ability to reproduce
--Food, Shelter, Weather,
Predators, Climate, Competition...

Front 27

ADAPTATION

Back 27

-process in which a population
becomes better suited to the environment
--gene mutations provide
variation which increases chances
for survival in an environment

Front 28

MIMICRY

Back 28

the imitation of one species
to that of another for protection

Front 29

FIT

Back 29

the ability to mature and
reproduce viable offspring

Front 30

TRENDS IN
EVOLUTION

Back 30

In order for evolution to occur,
the Hardy Weinburg law must
be disrupted.

Front 31

TRENDS IN EVOLUTION 2-
CAUSES OF EVOLUTION

Back 31

-mutation
-migration
-genetic drift
-natural selection
-speciation
-extinction

Front 32

CAUSES OF
EVOLUTION 1

Back 32

mutation- provides variation

Front 33

CAUSES OF
EVOLUTION 2

Back 33

migration- movement of an organism
*Gene Flow*
-movement of genes
a) immigration- to come into a population.
b) emigration- to leave a pop.

Front 34

CAUSES OF
EVOLUTION 3

Back 34

genetic drift- drastic changes in allele
frequency caused by random events
-usually occurs in small populations
-Ex. earthquakes, fires, floods

Front 35

CAUSES OF EVOLUTION 4
- Natural Selection

Back 35

most important contributing factor

Front 36

NATURAL SELECTION a)

Back 36

stabilizing selection
-individuals with average
traits have the highest fitness

Front 37

NATURAL SELECTION b)

Back 37

directional selection
-individuals with most extreme
form of a trait have the highest fitness
Ex. Anteater with longest tongue
has the better chance of survival

Front 38

NATURAL SELECTION c)

Back 38

disruptive selection
-individual with either extreme
form of a trait has the higher fitness
-Ex. limpets, white and dark do
better than speckled

Front 39

NATURAL SELECTION d)

Back 39

sexual selection
-males exhibit extreme
traits to affect females
-Ex. peacocks

Front 40

CAUSES OF EVOLUTION 5
- SPECIATION

Back 40

-the formation of a brand-new
species

Front 41

SPECIATION a)

Back 41

sympathetic speciation- AKA "sympetry"
-organisms that live in the same area
-Ex. Flowering plants may
cross-breed and form a new species.

Front 42

SPECIATION b)

Back 42

allopatric speciation- AKA "allopatry"
-organisms that live in different areas
-geopatric isolation
-Ex. Islands, rivers, canyons

Front 43

CAUSES OF
EVOLUTION 6
- EXTINCTION

Back 43

-complete loss of all species
-approx. half of all species that
have ever walked the earth are
now extinct

Front 44

TYPES OF
EVOLUTION-a)

Back 44

convergent evolution-
-Unrelated species become
more alike due to the similar environment
-similar adaptation
-sharks and dolphins are an example

Front 45

TYPES OF
EVOLUTION-b)

Back 45

divergent evolution
-many species coming away from
a common ancestor
--they move away from a
similar environment
--1. Adaptive radiation
--2. No changes for long periods
of time, then sudden changes.