Biology: Enzymes, Photosynthesis, And Respiration

Front 1

What is Energy?

Back 1

The ability to cause matter to move change

Front 2

All life processes are driven by _________

Back 2

Energy

Front 3

Where does all energy come from?

Back 3

The Sun (sunlight)

Front 4

What are Chemical Reactions?

Back 4

When bond are broken and reformed to make different substances

Front 5

What is Metabolism?

Back 5

The sum of all chemical reactions in your body?

Front 6

What is needed to start a chemical reaction?

Back 6

Activation energy

Front 7

Do products absorb or release energy?

Back 7

release

Front 8

What is a catalyst?

Back 8

Anything that makes chemical reactionsoccur faster by lowering activation energy.

Front 9

Are all enzymes catalysts?

Back 9

Yes

Front 10

Are all catalysts enzymes?

Back 10

No

Front 11

Where are enzymes found?

Back 11

In ALL cells of your body

Front 12

What analogy is used with enzymes?

Back 12

A lock and a key because specific enzymes work with specific substrates

Front 13

What specific fit allows enzymes to work

Back 13

Each substrate fits the enzyme's active site

Front 14

What four things affect how well an enzyme works?

Back 14

Tempreture, pH, concentration, and surface area

Front 15

What tempreture works best for enzyme reactions?

Back 15

Room tempreture

Front 16

What is the ideal pH for an enzyme reaction?

Back 16

Nuetral (about 7.0 on the pH scale)

Front 17

What do ATP and ADP stand for and what's the main difference between them?

Back 17

Adenosine Triphosphate; Adenosine Diphosphate; ATP has 3 phosphate groups, and ADP has only 2 phosphate groups.

Front 18

How do you make ADP out of ATP? ADP to ATP?

Back 18

Release enery and a phosphate group to make ADP and absorb energy and gain a phosphate group to make ATP again

Front 19

How do we see colors?

Back 19

The sun sends down packets of light energy called photons.

Front 20

What are groups of photons called?

Back 20

Waves

Front 21

Why do we see different colors?

Back 21

Each wave has a different length and each color is represented by a different wave length.

Front 22

Which wavelengths are longer, reds or purples?

Back 22

Reds are the longest (low f) and a you travel through the colors of the rainbow, they get smaller (high f) in order

Front 23

WHY do we see colors?

Back 23

The colors that we see are the colors not absorbed by something. The colors not absorbed are reflected

Front 24

What color isn't absorbed in chlorophyll?

Back 24

Green, which is why plants' leaves are green in color

Front 25

In which part of the chloroplast is chlorophyll found in?

Back 25

In discs called "Grana"
Hint: Grana sounds like Grandma and you have disks in your back. Older people tend to have bad backs. :)

Front 26

What ORGANELLE is chlorphyll found in?

Back 26

The chloroplasts

Front 27

What is the liquid part of the chloroplast called?

Back 27

The STROMA, NOT to be confused with STOMA.
Hint: Grana and stroma both have the letter "R" for their "second sound" and they are both in the chloroplast

Front 28

Where are chloroplasts found?

Back 28

In the cells' of leaves

Front 29

How is Oxygen released after photosynthesis?

Back 29

Through a small opening in the bottom of leaves' cells called STOMA

Front 30

What is photosynthesis?

Back 30

The process by which plants take in water and carbon dioxide and using sunlight produce oxygen and glucose to create their own food

Front 31

What are the two steps in photosynthesis?

Back 31

The light reaction and the dark reaction

Front 32

What is another name for the dark reaction?

Back 32

The calvin cycle, named after Melvyn Calvin

Front 33

Who is Melvyn Calvin?

Back 33

A scientist who in 1961 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for identifying the path of carbons in photosynthesis

Front 34

What is the Light Reaction?

Back 34

The first part of photosynthesis that occurs in the Grana and must have sunlight. The

Front 35

What is the Dark Reaction?

Back 35

The second part of photosynthesis that occurs in the Stroma (liquid) and can occur with or without sunlight

Front 36

How do light reactions occur?

Back 36

Light energy reacts with the chlorophyll. Then,water is split by the light reaction. The Hydrogen is kept for the dark reaction and the Oxygen is released through the Stoma

Front 37

What occurs during the Dark Cycle?

Back 37

Hydrogen from the split water molecule from the light reaction is present. Carbon dioxide enters the chloroplasts. The hyrdrogen and carbon dioxide react, producing glucose (energy). ATP loses a phosphate, recreating ADP

Front 38

What is the chemical formula for glucose?

Back 38

C6H12O6

Front 39

What ORGANIC MATERIAL are enzymes?

Back 39

proteins

Front 40

What is the chemical equationfor photosynthesis?

Back 40

6H2O + 6CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Front 41

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

Back 41

In Mitochondria

Front 42

What are the two types of respiration?

Back 42

Anaerobic and Aerobic

Front 43

Compare and Contrast Anaerobic and Aerobic respiration

Back 43

Aerobic produces 38 ATP (2 from glycolosis and 36 from oxydative repration) and requires oxygen to occur. Anaerobic produces 2 ATP (2 from glycolosis and none from fermentation) and doesn't requir energy to occur.

Front 44

What ALWAYS happens before boh oxydative and non-oxydative respiration and what are the products of it?

Back 44

Glycolosis; 2 ATP and 2 pyruvic acids

Front 45

What is the formula for aerobic respiration?

Back 45

C6H12O6 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP

(Glucose plus oxygen yields carbon dioxide plus water plus36 ATP)

Front 46

What are the two types of fermentation?

Back 46

Lactic Acid and Alcohol

Front 47

What is the chemical equation for Lactic Acid fermantation?

Back 47

C6H12O6 --> C3H5O3

(Glucose yields lactic acid)

Front 48

What is the chemical equation for Alcoholic Fermentation?

Back 48

C6H12O6 --> C2H6O + CO2

(Glucose yields Ethyl Alcohol plus carbon dioxide)

Front 49

What is the place where a chemical reaction takes place called?

Back 49

The active site

Front 50

What is another name for oxydative respiration?

Back 50

The Kreb's Cycle

Front 51

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

Back 51

In the cytoplasm

Front 52

What determines what type of fermentation takes place?

Back 52

Type of organism

Front 53

What orgainisms can alcoholic fermentation take place in?

Back 53

Yeasts and some microorganisms

Front 54

What organisms does lactic acid fermentation take place in?

Back 54

Animals (muscles)

Front 55

What's the relationship between the products and reactions of photosynthesis and respiration?

Back 55

The products of respiration are the reactants for photosynthesis and vise versa.

Front 56

Does photosynthesis store or release energy?

Back 56

store

Front 57

Does respiration store or release energy?

Back 57

Release

Front 58

What is needed for photosynthesis to occur?

Back 58

Sunlight and chlorophyll

Front 59

The rate of photosynthesis AND resperation are controlled by _____?

Back 59

Enzymes

Front 60

What is the relationship between the pH and the appearance of the bag?

Back 60

The higher the lower the pH, the more carbon dioxide was in the bag, therefore the bag was more expanded the lower the pH. A lower pH means that a substance is more acidic

Front 61

What is the definition of photosynthesis?

Back 61

The process in which green plants manufacture food

Front 62

What happenes to water molecules during photosynthesis?

Back 62

They are drawn up through osmosis and capillary action through the roots and stem

Front 63

What's the function of chlorophyll?

Back 63

To absorb energy from photons

Front 64

During what stage of photosynthesis is energy absorbed? Released?

Back 64

Light Reaction; Dark reaction

Front 65

At what pH is pepsin most active?

Back 65

at about 3.0 on the pH scale (fairly acidic)

Front 66

At what level on the pH scale is Trypsin most active?

Back 66

at about 6.5 on the pH scale (barely acidic)

Front 67

What happens to the rate of digestion when you take an antacid like ppsin or trypsin before youeat?

Back 67

It digests slower becuase it neutralizes the acid in your stomach to help prevent heartburn

Front 68

Does pepsin work better in the stomach or in the intestines where the stomach acid is nuetralized by sodium bicarbonate? Trypsin?

Back 68

Stomach; intestines

Front 69

What enzyme was used in the liver lab?

Back 69

H2O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide)

Front 70

What is Hydrogen peroxide produced as during chemical reactions?

Back 70

A toxic waste product

Front 71

Why do our cells need the enzyme catalase?

Back 71

To speed of the chemical reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide so our ells can get rid of it faster

Front 72

How does catalase work?

Back 72

It breaks down H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) into H2O (water) and O (Oxygen) which are two substances that are safe for our body when they are separate

Front 73

What is the reaction for the break down of hydrogen peroxide?

Back 73

2 H2O2 --> 2 H2O + O2

Front 74

Do enzymes change or get consumed during chemical reactions?

Back 74

Nope... :)

Front 75

What is the main purpose of Hydrogen Peroxide?

Back 75

To treat wounds

Front 76

What are 2/3 of the molecules in your body? How does this relate to te best environment for enzymes to work in?

Back 76

Water, which has the pH that enzymes work best in

Front 77

What is the relationship between your tempreture and the rate of chemical reactions through enzymes?

Back 77

The higher your body tempreture, the slower the enzymes work

Front 78

What was the enzyme in the liver?

Back 78

Catalase

Front 79

What are heterotrophs? Give an example.

Back 79

Organisms that obtain energy from food they eat; animals

Front 80

What are Autotrops? Give an example.

Back 80

Organisms that make their own food; plants
Hint: They AUTOmatically make there own food

Front 81

Label this ATP molecule:

(1)(1)\ (3)(3)(3)
\(2)/

Back 81

1: Adenine
2: Ribose
3: Phosphate

Front 82

When a cell has energy available, how can it store small amounts of that energy?

Back 82

By adding another phosphate group to ADP, making ATP

Front 83

When is the energy stored in ATP released?

Back 83

When the third phosphate group is broken off, creating ADP

Front 84

What characteristics of ATP make is very useful to all cell types?

Back 84

ATP has lots of energy

Front 85

What are two ways cells use energy provided by ATP?

Back 85

Muscle contraction and ACtive Transport

Front 86

Why is it efficient for cells to keep only a small supply of ATP on hand?

Back 86

It does stront long-term (large amounts) of energy very well

Front 87

Where do cell get te energy needed to regenerate ATP?

Back 87

Foods like glucose

Front 88

What did Jan van Helmont conclude from his experiment?

Back 88

That most of the gain in mass during comes from water

Front 89

What substance was produced by the mint leaf in Joseph Priestly's experiment?

Back 89

Oxygen

Front 90

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis using words?

Back 90

Plants use the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates (glucose) and oxygen

Front 91

What are pigments?

Back 91

Light absorbing molecules

Front 92

What is the principal pigment of plants?

Back 92

Chlorophyll

Front 93

What regions of the visible spectrum does chlorophyll absorblight very well?

Back 93

Blue-violet region and the red region

Front 94

What is glycolosis?

Back 94

The pathway in which cellular respiration begins

Front 95

Does glycolosis release alot of energy?

Back 95

Nope... :)

Front 96

What is cellular respiration?

Back 96

The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Front 97

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

Back 97

6 O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

Front 98

What would be the problem if cellular respiration took place in just one step?

Back 98

All of the energy from the glucose would be released at once, an most of it would be lost in the form of light and heat

Front 99

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

Back 99

Glycolosis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain

Front 100

Where does glycolosis take place?

Back 100

in the cytoplasm

Front 101

Where do the Krebs cycle and electron transport take place?

Back 101

Mitochondria

Front 102

What is glycolysis?

Back 102

The process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, and a three-carbon compound

Front 103

What is fermentation?

Back 103

The process in which energy is released by food molecules in the absence of oxygen

Front 104

'\What is the equation for alcoholic fermentation after glycolysis?

Back 104

Pyruvic Acid + NADH --> Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

Front 105

What is ATP?

Back 105

A special carrier molecule that stores energy for cell use.

Front 106

Are enzymes organic or inorganic

Back 106

organic-- proteins

Front 107

Are catalysts organic or inorganic?

Back 107

both

Front 108

Is chlorophyll in trees like maple trees during the fall, even when the leaves are red?

Back 108

Yes, but less chlorophyll is produced during autumn, sothe red pigment is able to overpower the green pigment of the chlorophyll. During the summer, however, the trees make more chlorophyll so the green pigment can overpower the other colors

Front 109

What is the name of the pigment that turns leaves red?

Back 109

Anthocyanin

Front 110

What type of chlorophyll makes leaves appear yellow-green?

Back 110

Chlorophyll B

Front 111

What type of chlorophyll makes leaves bright green?

Back 111

Chlorophyll A