Biology - Enzymes

Front 1

What is active site in enzyme?

Back 1

Area of the surface of an enzyme molecule with a shape that is complementary to the shape of the substrate molecule

Front 2

What does catalyst mean?

Back 2

Chemical that speed up the rate of a reactions and remains reusable and unchanged after the reaction

Front 3

What does extracellular mean?

Back 3

Outside the cell

Front 4

What does intracellular mean?

Back 4

Inside the cell

Front 5

What does metabolism/metabolic?

Back 5

Chemical reactions that take place inside living cells or organisms

Front 6

Why are enzymes called biological catalysts?

Back 6

Because the speed up metabolic reactions in living organisms

Front 7

The number of reactions that an enzyme molecule can catalyse per second is known as what?

Back 7

Turnover number

Front 8

Did you know?

Back 8

Enzymes do not produce unwanted by products and rarely make mistakes

Front 9

Some enzymes need what to catalyse some reactions?

Back 9

Cofactors

Front 10

The instructions for making enzymes are encoded on genes. Box the fans has a mutation that alters the sequence of amino acids in the protein. How will it affect enzyme?

Back 10

May alter the enzymes tertiary structure and prevent it from functioning

Front 11

Catabolic reactions are all catalysed by enzymes. Another type of reactions is also catalyzed by enzymes. What is it?

Back 11

Anabolic

Front 12

Anabolic reactions?

Back 12

Building up molecules and such

Front 13

Catabolic reactions?

Back 13

Breaking down molecules and such

Front 14

Catabolic reaction is catalyzed by what enzyme in stomach?

Back 14

Pepsin

Front 15

Catabolic reactions in mouth are catalysed by what enzymes in the saliva?

Back 15

Amylase

Front 16

Read!!

Back 16

Front 17

Amylase breaks down what exactly in mouth?

Back 17

Starch into simpler sugar

Front 18

Amylase is also located somewhere other than in mouth in saliva. Where?

Back 18

Small intestine

Front 19

What three factors may have affect on rate of reaction?

Back 19

Pressure

Temperature

pH

Enzyme concentration

Substrate concentration

Front 20

What's activation energy?

Back 20

The energy that is needed to be supplied for most reactions to start

Front 21

How do enzymes reduce the activation energy required for reactions?

Back 21

They help the molecules collide successfully

Front 22

There are two hypotheses for how enzymes are able to reduce activation energy for reactions. One is lock and key hypothesis and the other one is induced fit hypothesis. Summaries the induced fit hypothesis

Back 22

It's like lock and key where the substrate has complementary shape to the active site of the enzyme so they "lock" however when the substrate leaves at the end, the enzymes active site shape changes slightly.

Front 23

Study tip

Back 23

Front 24

Enzymes that act within cells are called what?

Back 24

Intracellular enzymes

Front 25

All enzymes are what proteins?

Back 25

Globular proteins

Front 26

Enzymes are soluble in water. True or false?

Back 26

True

Front 27

Enzyme action occurs both intracdullularly and extracellularly. Give example of intracellular

Back 27

DNA replication is an intracellular process that involved many enzymes like DNA polymerase and DNA ligase

Front 28

Enzyme action occurs both intracellularly and extracellularly. Give example of extracellular

Back 28

Digestion inolvss the extracellular action of enzymes such as pepsin and amylase

Front 29

Digestion of starch

Starch polymers are first broken down by chewing which partially breaks it down to what? What enzyme then break it down even further and where else other than in mouth the enzyme is located?

Back 29

Starch is partially broken down to maltose by chewing then amylase in saliva breaks it further down. Amylase is also located in small intestine

Front 30

Describe metabolic pathway?

Back 30

As a series of chemical reactions that start with a substrate and finish with an end product

Front 31

Example of complex metabolic pathways?

Back 31

Respiration and photosynthesis

Front 32

Digestion of proteins

What enzyme that catalyzes the digestion of protein into smaller what and then what?

Back 32

Protease catalyzes digestion of proteins into smaller peptides then amino acids

Front 33

State the type of biological molecule used to form enzymes

Back 33

Protein

Front 34

Name the monomers that form protein biological molecule

Back 34

Amino acids

Front 35

Name how the structures of proteins determine enzymes activity

Back 35

It will cause the tertiary structure of the enzyme to be specific and so the active site will be able to bind to specific substrate to catalyse reaction

Front 36

Explain how catabolism and anabolism are related to metabolism

Back 36

Catabolism is breaking down molecules

Anabolic is building up molecules

= cause reaction where metabolism is the total sum of reactions occurring in body

Front 37

3a. Answer it

Back 37

Easy to understand representation

Front 38

Answer 3b

Back 38

Front 39

Explain the meaning of the term activation energy

Back 39

Energy required to start an reaction

Front 40

Explain the energy changes occurring resulting in the transition state model (yellow line)

Back 40

Enzymes reduce the activation energy via catalyzing the reaction as bonds are broken in the substrate therefore less energy needed later on to break the bonds as they're already broken

Front 41

Discuss why the models of enzyme action have changed over time (4 marks)

Back 41