Biology-Dna Structure And Rna

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Three Main Types of RNA

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1. Messanger RNA
2. Ribosomal RNA
3. Transfer RNA

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Messanger RNA

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serves as a messenger from DNA to the rest of the cell

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Ribosomal RNA

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proteins are assembled on ribosomes, robisomes are made up of several dozen proteins as well as a form of RNA

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Transfer RNA

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transfers each amino acid to the ribsosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA

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Transcription

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RNA molecules are prodcued by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA

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RNA Polymerase

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required by transcription, unzips the RNA

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Events During Transcription

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1. RNA plymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strand
2. RNA polymerase then uses one strnad of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA

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Promoters

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the region an enzyme will only bind to

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Codon

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consists of three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is to be added to the polypeptide

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Translation

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the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins

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Anticodon

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the three bases on the tRNA molecule and are omplementary to one of the mRNA codons

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Griffith's Experiment

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injected mice with disease cuasing strain of bacteria and found out about transfermation and DNA

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Transformation

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one strand of bacter is changed into another form of bacteria

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Avery and DNA

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repeated Griffiths work, discovered that DNA is the nucleic acid that stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organsim to the next

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Bacteriophage

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composed of a DNA or RNA core and a protein coat, it enters a bacterium, and attaches to teh surface of the cell and injects its DNA into it

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Hershey and Chase Experiment

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concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA, not protein

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Nucleotides

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units of DNA

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Nucleotides are made up of

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1. a five carbon sugar called deoxyribose
2. a phosphate group
3. nitrogenous base

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Different Kinds of Nitrogenous Bases

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1. Adenine and Guanine-purines:
2. Cytosine and Thymine-pyrimidines: one ring

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Chargaffs Rules

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obversation that a=t and c=g

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Rasalind Franklin

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used x ray diffraction to get information about the structure of the DNA molecule, recoreded the scattering pattern and carried important clues about the structure of DNA

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Watson and Crick's Model of DNA

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a double helix in whcih two strands were wound around eachother

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Base Paring

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for every one thymine colecule there had to be one adenine molecule, for each cytosine molecule, there wa sone guanine moleule

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Introns

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intervening sequences that are cut out of the RNA while they are still in the cell nucleus

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Exons

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expressed sequences and are spliced back together to form the final mRNA

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Where are DNA molecules located in prokaryotic cells?

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Cytoplasm

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What is the large DNA molecule usually refered to as>

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the cell's chromosome

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How many times the amount of DNA does Eukaryotic have compared to prokaryotic?

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1000 times

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Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?

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the cells nucleus in the form of chromosomes

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How long is a DNA strand for humans

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about 1 m

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Chromotin

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DNA and protein tightly compacted together

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Histones

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protein molecule in which DNA is tightly coiled in a chromatin

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Nucleosome

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DNA and histone form a beadlike structure

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What do nucleosomes do?

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able to fold enormous lenths of DNA into the tiny space available in the cell nucleus and regulate how genes are read to make proteins

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DNA Replication

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1. the DNA molecule spearates into two strands
2. produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base paring
3. each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template for a new strand

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Replication Forks

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the site where replication occurs

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How do enzymes unzip DNA

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unzipping occurs when the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs are broken and the two strands of the molecule unwind

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Polymerase

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the principal enzyme involved with replication, it plymerizes individual nucleotides to produce DNA, it also proof reads each new strand