Biology - Dna

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1868: Friedrich Miescher

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Isolated a phosphorus-containing substance that he called "nucleic acid" from white blood cells.

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Ealry 1900s: Phoebus Levene

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Isolated two types of nucleic acid and calls them deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) and ribose nucleic acid (RNA).

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1928: Frederick Griffin

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Found that DNA was the "transforming principle"; DNA is heredity.

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1952: Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase

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Discovered genes are made up of DNA.

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1953: James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, & Maurice Wilkins

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Accurately described the molecular structure of DNA as a double helix.

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1966

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The "genetic code" is cracked. Three nucleotides bases direct the synthesis of one amino acid of a protein molecule.

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1972

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The DNA composition of humans is found to be 99% similar to both chimpanzees and gorillas.

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1990 - 2002

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An international collaborative effort to sequnce the human genome. The Human Genome Project revealed that there are ~30,000 - 70,000 human genes.

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Two types of nucleic acid: DNA & RNA

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DNA: governs the process of heredity in all plant, animal, and bacterial cells, and certain viruses. ACGT

RNA: structurally similar to DNA; plays a role in gene expression and protein synthesis. ACGU

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"Transforming Principle" Frederick Griffith

Contributions of Avery, McLeod, and McCarty

Dicsovered DNA was the transforming principle.

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Hershey - Chase (1952)

DNA, not protein, entered the bacterial cell.

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DNA nucleotides are made up of:

1. One phosphate group
2. One sugar molecule called DEOXYRIBOSE
3. One (of four) nitrogenous bases:
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
4. Double stranded

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RNA nucleotides are made up of:

1. One phosphate group
2. One sugar molecule called RIBOSE
3. One (of four) nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil
4. Single stranded
3.