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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Carbohydrates |
A molecule composed of sugar sub units that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They have a ratio of 1:2:1 |
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Polymer |
A molecule composed of three or more sub units. |
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Monosaccharide |
The simplest sugar or carbohydrate with one sugar sub unit. C6 O12 O6 |
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Isomer |
One group of chemicals that have the same chemical formula but have a different arrangement of atoms |
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Disaccharide |
The second smallest unit of sugar. Contains two monosaccharides. C12 H22 O11 |
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Dehydration Synthesis |
The removal of water to two small molecules in order to build one larger molecule. |
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Hydrolysis |
The adding of water to a large molecule, in order to break it down into two smaller molecules. |
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Polysaccharide |
A carbohydrate composed of many single sugar sub units. C6 H10 O5 |
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Starch |
A polyaccharide. Can be used to store energy. Amylase acts upon this. |
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Gylcogen |
A polysaccharide. Can be used to store energy. The Liver turns this into sugars. |
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Cellulose |
A polysaccharide. Can be used to store energy. Starts with C. |
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Triglyceride. |
A lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. |
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Fat |
A lipid composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids. Solid at room temperature. |
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Oil |
A lipid composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids. Liquid at room temperature.
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Phospholipid |
A lipid with a phosphate molecule attached to a glycerol backbone. This makes the molecule polar. Are major components of cell membranes.
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Wax |
A long chain lipid insoluble in water.
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Protein |
A chain of amino acids that form the structural parts of cells or act as antibodies or enzymes
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Amino Acid |
A chemical that contains nitrogen. They can link together to form proteins.
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Peptide Bond |
Bond that joins amino acids.
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Polypeptide |
A chain of 3 or more amino acids
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Essential Amino Acid |
An amino acid that must be taken in from a diet.
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Denaturation |
When an enzyme or protein molecule's bonds are temporarily changed in shape. |
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Coagulation |
When an enzyme or protein molecule's bonds are permanently changed in shape from a disruption in the bonds.
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Catalyst |
A chemical that regulates the rate of chemical reactions without being altered itself.
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Enzyme |
A protein catalyst that permits chemical reactions to proceed at low temperatures. |
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Substrate |
A molecule on which an enzyme works.
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Active Site |
The area of an enzyme that combines with the substrate.
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Cofactor |
An INORGANIC ion that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate molecule.
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Coenzyme |
An ORGANIC molecule synthesized from a vitamin that helps an enzyme to combine with a substrate molecule.
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Competitive Inhibitor |
A molecule that looks like another enzyme, and competes with substrates for access to the active site of the enzyme. It also blocks chemical reactions.
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Feedback Inhibition |
The inhibition of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the final product of that pathway.
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Precursor Activity |
The activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the initial substance.
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Allosteric Activity |
A change in an enzyme caused by the binding of a molecule.
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Mucus |
Lining in the stomach that permits the stomach from digesting itself.
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Amylase |
An enzyme that is present in saliva. It breaks down complex carbohydrates. |
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Peristalsis |
The involuntary movement of muscle contractions that move bolus down the esophagus.
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Pepsin |
The active version of pepsinogen. A protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach.
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Sphincter |
A constrictor muscle that regulates the opening and closing of a tube like structure.
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Pepsinogen |
The inactive form of Pepsin.
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Ulcer |
A lesion on the surface of an organ.
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Duodenum |
First part of the small intestine.
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Bile Salt |
A component of salt that breaks down large fat globules.
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Villi |
Small, fingerlike projections in the Small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.
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Cholecystokinin |
A hormone produced from the small intestine that stimulates the release of bile salts.
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Microvillii |
These are what Villi are covered in.
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Detoxify |
To remove the effects of a poison.
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Capillary |
A blood vessel that connects arteries and veins.
Site of fluid and gas exchange. |
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Gallstone |
Crystals of bile salts that from in the gallbladder.
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Lacteal |
A small vessel that transports the products of fat digestion to the circulatory system.
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Secretin |
A hormone released from the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions.
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Cirrhosis |
Chronic inflammation of the liver tissue characterized by the growth of nonfunctioning fibrious tissue.
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Enterokinase |
An enzyme in the small intestine that converts trypsinogen to trypsin.
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Colon |
Largest segment of the large intestine, where water reabsorption occurs.
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Trypsin |
A protein digesting enzyme. It's the active form of Tryspinogen.
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Gastrin |
A hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates the release of HCl.
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Erepsin |
An enzyme that completes protein digestion by converting short chain peptides to amino acids.
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Lipase |
A Lipid-digesting enzyme.
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Enterogastrone |
A hormone produced by the small intestine that decreases gastric secretions and motility. |