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58 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Carbohydrates

A molecule composed of sugar sub units that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They have a ratio of 1:2:1

Polymer

A molecule composed of three or more sub units.

Monosaccharide

The simplest sugar or carbohydrate with one sugar sub unit. C6 O12 O6

Isomer

One group of chemicals that have the same chemical formula but have a different arrangement of atoms

Disaccharide

The second smallest unit of sugar. Contains two monosaccharides. C12 H22 O11

Dehydration Synthesis

The removal of water to two small molecules in order to build one larger molecule.

Hydrolysis

The adding of water to a large molecule, in order to break it down into two smaller molecules.

Polysaccharide

A carbohydrate composed of many single sugar sub units. C6 H10 O5

Starch

A polyaccharide. Can be used to store energy. Amylase acts upon this.

Gylcogen

A polysaccharide. Can be used to store energy.


The Liver turns this into sugars.

Cellulose

A polysaccharide. Can be used to store energy.


Starts with C.

Triglyceride.

A lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

Fat

A lipid composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids. Solid at room temperature.

Oil

A lipid composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids. Liquid at room temperature.

Phospholipid

A lipid with a phosphate molecule attached to a glycerol backbone. This makes the molecule polar. Are major components of cell membranes.

Wax

A long chain lipid insoluble in water.

Protein

A chain of amino acids that form the structural parts of cells or act as antibodies or enzymes

Amino Acid

A chemical that contains nitrogen. They can link together to form proteins.

Peptide Bond

Bond that joins amino acids.

Polypeptide

A chain of 3 or more amino acids

Essential Amino Acid

An amino acid that must be taken in from a diet.

Denaturation

When an enzyme or protein molecule's bonds are temporarily changed in shape.

Coagulation

When an enzyme or protein molecule's bonds are permanently changed in shape from a disruption in the bonds.

Catalyst

A chemical that regulates the rate of chemical reactions without being altered itself.

Enzyme

A protein catalyst that permits chemical reactions to proceed at low temperatures.

Substrate

A molecule on which an enzyme works.

Active Site

The area of an enzyme that combines with the substrate.

Cofactor

An INORGANIC ion that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate molecule.

Coenzyme

An ORGANIC molecule synthesized from a vitamin that helps an enzyme to combine with a substrate molecule.

Competitive Inhibitor

A molecule that looks like another enzyme, and competes with substrates for access to the active site of the enzyme. It also blocks chemical reactions.

Feedback Inhibition

The inhibition of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the final product of that pathway.

Precursor Activity

The activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the initial substance.

Allosteric Activity

A change in an enzyme caused by the binding of a molecule.

Mucus

Lining in the stomach that permits the stomach from digesting itself.

Amylase

An enzyme that is present in saliva. It breaks down complex carbohydrates.

Peristalsis

The involuntary movement of muscle contractions that move bolus down the esophagus.

Pepsin

The active version of pepsinogen. A protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach.

Sphincter

A constrictor muscle that regulates the opening and closing of a tube like structure.

Pepsinogen

The inactive form of Pepsin.

Ulcer

A lesion on the surface of an organ.

Duodenum

First part of the small intestine.

Bile Salt

A component of salt that breaks down large fat globules.

Villi

Small, fingerlike projections in the Small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.

Cholecystokinin

A hormone produced from the small intestine that stimulates the release of bile salts.

Microvillii

These are what Villi are covered in.

Detoxify

To remove the effects of a poison.

Capillary

A blood vessel that connects arteries and veins.

Site of fluid and gas exchange.

Gallstone

Crystals of bile salts that from in the gallbladder.

Lacteal

A small vessel that transports the products of fat digestion to the circulatory system.

Secretin

A hormone released from the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions.

Cirrhosis

Chronic inflammation of the liver tissue characterized by the growth of nonfunctioning fibrious tissue.

Enterokinase

An enzyme in the small intestine that converts trypsinogen to trypsin.

Colon

Largest segment of the large intestine, where water reabsorption occurs.

Trypsin

A protein digesting enzyme. It's the active form of Tryspinogen.

Gastrin

A hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates the release of HCl.

Erepsin

An enzyme that completes protein digestion by converting short chain peptides to amino acids.

Lipase

A Lipid-digesting enzyme.

Enterogastrone

A hormone produced by the small intestine that decreases gastric secretions and motility.