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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a retrovirus
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A retrovirus is an RNA virus that codes for the enzyme reverse transriptase, which uses the RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
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What is a prophage (provirus)?
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A prophage is a bacterial virus that has integrated into its host cell genome.
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What is an operon?
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An operon is a gene that regulates (bacterial) transcription.
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What is an inducible system?
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An inducible system requires the presence of an inducer for transcription to occur.
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What is a repressible system?
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A repressible system is in a constant state of transcription unless a corepressor is present to inhibit transcription.
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What is transcription?
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Transcription is the process whereby mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template.
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What is translation?
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Translation is the process whereby proteins are synthesized from a mRNA template.
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What is an exon? An Intron?
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An exon is a coding sequence on a gene. An intron is a non-coding sequence on a gene.
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What is a codon?
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A codon is a 3-base sequence on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.
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What is an anticodon?
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An anticodon is a 3-base sequence on tRNA that is complementary to a mRNA codon.
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Name the four nitrogenous bases in DNA.
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Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine.
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Name the purines. Name the pyrimidines.
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Purines - Adenine and Guanine.
Pyrimidines - Cytosine and Thymine. |
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What is the base-pairing in DNA? How many bonds hold the bases together?
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Adenine - Thymine (2 hydrogen bonds)
Cytosine - Guanine (3 hydrogen bonds) |
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Name three differences between DNA and DNA.
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RNA uses ribose instead of deoxyribose.
RNA replaces thymine with "Uracil" RNA is single-stranded. |
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Summarize Mandel's First Law (Law of Segregation).
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Mendel's first law states that alleles segregate during meiosis; specifically:
-Genes exist in alternative forms (alleles). -An individual inherits two alleles for each trait, one from each parent. -The two alleles segregate during meiosis. -If two different alleles are present, only one will be fully expressed. |
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Summarize Mendel's Second Law (Law of Independent Assortment).
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Alleles of unlinked genes assort independently during meiosis.
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Which type of photoreceptor cell is specialized for color vision? Which type is specialized for low light conditions?
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Cones are for color and rods are for night vision.
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What is the fovea?
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The fovea is the region of the retina with a high density of cones.
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What are the components of the middle ear?
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The middle ear is compsed of the tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, and stapes.
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What are the components of the inner ear?
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The inner ear is composed of the cochlea and organ of Corti.
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Assuming co-dominance, what happens to the phenotype in the presence of two dominant alleles?
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The phenotype of each allele is simultaneously displayed (e.g. type AB blood)
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(T/F) In humans, most sex-linked genes are located on the Y chromosome.
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False, most sex-linked genes are on the X Chromosome.
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What percentage of daughters will inherit their father's sex-linked gene?
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100% of daughters will inherit their father's sex-linked gene.
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What percentage of sons will inherit their father's sex-linked gene?
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0% of sons will inherit their father's sex linked gene.
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What percentage of sons will inherit their mother's sex-linked gene (assuming a heterozygous mother)?
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50% of sons will inherit their mother's sex-linked gene.
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Describe the lytic and lysogenic cycles.
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Bacteriophage infections results in either a lytic or a lysogenic cycle. A lytic cycle results in the production of ew progeny that cause the cell to burst (lyse). A lysogenic cycle results in incorporation of the viral DNA into the bacterial DNA where it remains inactive. A lysogenic cycle may progress to lytic cycle.
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What are the three mechanisms by which bacteria can increase genetic variability?
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Transformation - incorporation of foreign chromosome fragments.
Conjugation - transfer of genetic material between two bacteria. Transduction - virus carries DNA between two bacteria. |
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What are the three stages of polypeptide synthesis?
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The three stages of polypeptide synthesis are initiation, elongation, and termination.
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What are the three types of base pair mutations that can occur during protein synthesis?
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Types of base-pair mutations are substitutions, insertions, and deletions.
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(T/F) DNA synthesis proceeds in the 3' to 5' direction.
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False, DNA synthesis proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction.
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What are the three types of RNA, and what are their functions?
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) - contains the codons for peptide chain synthesis.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) - transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - structural component of ribosomes. |
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(T/F) Females can express a sex-linked recessive trait.
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True, a female carrier and a male with the recessive trait will have a 25% chance of giving birth to a female child with the recessive trait.
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What is non- disjunction?
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Non-disjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes (or sister chromatids) to separate properly during cellular reproduction.
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(T/F) Lamarck's theory of evolution is based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
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True.
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(T/F) Lamarckian evolution holds true in a number of different circumstances.
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False, acquired characteristics cannot be inherited.
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Define fitness according to Darwin.
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Fitness is the ability of an organism to mate and produce fertile offspring.
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Given the Hardy-Weinberg equation:
p^2+2pq+q^2 = 1 What does p^2 represent? |
p^2 = Frequency of homozygous dominants.
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Given the Hardy-Weinberg equation:
p^2+2pq+q^2 = 1 What does 2pq represent? |
2pq = frequency of heterozygotes.
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Given the Hardy-Weinberg equation:
p^2+2pq+q^2 = 1 What does q^2 represent? |
q^2 = Frequency of homozygous recessives.
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Given the Hardy-Weinberg equation:
p^2+2pq+q^2 = 1 (T/F) p+q = 1 |
True.
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Describe convergent evolution.
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Convergent evolution refers to the independent development of similar characteristics by non-related groups.
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Describe parallel evolution.
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Parallel evolution refers to the process whereby related groups independently develop similar characteristics due to analogous environmental pressures.
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Describe divergent evolution.
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Divergent evolution refers to the process whereby related groups independently develop dissimilar characteristics.
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How does genetic drift differ from gene flow?
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Genetic drift refers to changes in the gene pool due chance. Gene flow refers to the changing of the gene pool due to the migration of individuals.
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(T/F) Stabilizing selection maintains a well adapted uniform character in a population.
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True
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How does disruptive selection affect the phenotype of a population?
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Disruptive selection factors the phenotypical extremes, leading to the expression of two or more phenotypic forms
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How does directional selection affect the phenotype of a population?
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Directional selection favors the expression of one phenotypical extreme.
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When are two populations descending from the same ancestral stock considered to be different species?
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Two populations are considered to be different species when they can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring?
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What is adaptive radiation?
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Adaptive radiation is the emergence of a number of distinct lineages from a single ancestral species. The different lineages usually result when a group begins to exploit a different niche.
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(T/F) Photosynthetic organisms use carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates, proteins and lipids?
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True.
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In what organelle does photosynthesis occur? What photosynthetic pigment is used?
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Chloroplast. Chlorophyll.
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What structures let gases in and out of the plant? What regulates the opening and closing of these structures?
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Stomates. Guard Cells
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What is the net reaction for photosynthesis?
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6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light Energy -->
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O |
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What are the 5 necessary conditions for the Hardy-Weinberg equation to hold true?
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- There are no mutations that affect the gene pool.
- The population must be very large. - Genes in a population are equally successful at reproducing. - Mating occurs randomly. - There is no net migration of individuals. |
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What are homologous structures?
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Homologous structures are similar in origin but not function (whale flippers/Human arms).
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What are analogous structures?
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Analogous structures are similar in function but not in origin (insect wings/bird wings).
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What are vestigial structures?
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A vestigial structure is a remnant structure that has lost its ancestral function (tail bone in man).
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What is asexual reproduction?
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Any reproductive process that does not involve the fusion of gametes.
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(T/F) Binary fission (characteristic of porkaryotes) entails an equal division of cytoplasm as well as nuclear contents.
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True.
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(T/F) Budding entails an equal division of cytoplasm as well as nuclear contents.
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False. Budding is an asexual reproductive process characteristic of yeast in which there is an equal division of genetic material and an unequal division of cytoplasm. the daughter cell may pinch off and live independently, or remain connected and live as part of the larger colony.
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What is parthenogenesis?
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Development of an egg in the absence of fertilization, resulting in a haploid organism; e.g. sometimes occurs in frogs.
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What are homologous structures?
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Homologous structures are similar in origin but not function (whale flippers/Human arms).
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What are analogous structures?
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Analogous structures are similar in function but not in origin (insect wings/bird wings).
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What are vestigial structures?
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A vestigial structure is a remnant structure that has lost its ancestral function (tail bone in man).
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What is asexual reproduction?
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Any reproductive process that does not involve the fusion of gametes.
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(T/F) Binary fission (characteristic of porkaryotes) entails an equal division of cytoplasm as well as nuclear contents.
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True.
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(T/F) Budding entails an equal division of cytoplasm as well as nuclear contents.
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False. Budding is an asexual reproductive process characteristic of yeast in which there is an equal division of genetic material and an unequal division of cytoplasm. the daughter cell may pinch off and live independently, or remain connected and live as part of the larger colony.
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What is parthenogenesis?
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Development of an egg in the absence of fertilization, resulting in a haploid organism; e.g. sometimes occurs in frogs.
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